Essay --

Little Dancer, Aged 14In 1881, Edgar degas caused a scandal by unveiling Little Dancer Aged Fourteen (Petite danseuse de quatorze ans), his wax sculpture of a young ballet rat. Today, Degas creation is considered a masterwork of Impressionist sculpture, a piece worthy of detailed study in an international exhibition. It wasnt just the subject matter of Little Dancer that repulsed critics in 1881 at an exhibition in which impressionist presented their work. The little dancer, Marie van Goethem, was a common girl standing in a very normal position it shows her hands behind her back instead of dancing. That ordinariness irritated those who believed that sculpture had to be monumental in subject and design. Degas also had the foolhardiness to use real materials, a muslin tutu, linen bodice, satin ballet shoes, a real hair wigging and a colored satin ribbon rather than the customary media of bronze, stone and wood. (Wolgamott)Edgar Degass birth name was Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas. He was born in July of 1834 in Paris, France. Compared to well-nigh families at this time, he grew up moderately wealthy. Degas began to paint when he was very young. By the time he graduated from school in 1853, when he was 18, with a baccalaureate in literature, he created an art studio in his home to create his works of art.After he completed high school, he applied to work in the Louvre Museum however his father pressured him into to law school not believing in art as a career. Degas enrolled at the Faculty of Law of the University of Paris in November 1853, but put forth very little effort to his studies if any at all. In the premature months of 1855, Degas was granted access to the cole des Beaux-Arts, a French art school, his mentor whom he stu... ...ind it concerning that his subject would be of this age even for this menstruation of time. My focus, unlike the professionals who critiqued this sculpture, is not based on the childs aesthetics, it is on her age and why she i s posing nude for an artist. One cant dish but think further on that subject, and how that Degas and other powerful male figures abused their power. The use of the cloth corset, satin objects and real hair wig is fascinate to me. In this era of art although the artwork that was created was of real things, you would not see the use of various materials on a clay sculpture. In fact, the idea was inaudible of. Degas was one of the leading creators of the impressionism period along with Monet, without them the art world would not be the same and we would not view art and the various cross strokes and darkness of colors in the same light.

Facts on Hamlet :: essays papers

Facts on HamletTitle Hamlet Published It was written in the late 1500s. It has been on national stages since 1589, and the earliest known publications date nates to the years 1600 and 1601. Biographical Information Biographical Information All though much is not known about Shakespe are the man, there is numerous speculations about Shakespeare the playwright. He was the son of John Shakespeare and Mary Arden. At the age of eighteen he married Anne Hathaway and had three children, Susanna, Hamlet, and Judith. William Shakespeare wrote thirty-seven plays and over one hundred and fifty poems which are renowned for their wisdom, knowledge of human nature, and geniusGenre Classical Drama Characteristics of a Genre This is a dramatic tragedy, highlighting the fall of a big(p) leader/character. Setting The date in which the play took place is unknown, however it is believed to have been during the later parts of the 1500s during Shakespeares conduct span. Although the exact date is unknown and to this day remains a mystery, the setting is revealed. The play underwent in Denmark and its neighboring states.Characters poof Hamlet - The original king of Denmark who is Hamlets father, and the husband of Gertrude. He is betrayed and murdered by his prehensile brother, and later appears throughout the play to guide his son Hamlet in the quest for revenge and answers. He was Hamlets father, and that was his relation to Hamlet. Hamlet - Son of Queen Gertrude, and King Hamlet, and later King Claudius (Who is his uncle). He is the main character who undergoes the most drastic changes of them all, psychologically. In the beginning he questioned all, but by the end after his expedition had been cleared up he acted upon instinct and want, ultimately succeeding. Claudius - Jealous brother of King Hamlet, who acts upon his jealousy and dumps poison in the King (his brothers) ear and takes his life so that he may become king. He i s now the father of Hamlet and the husband of Queen Gertrude. His jealousy and all around evil causes him to meet his life in the finality. He was Hamlets uncle and new father, who was responsible for his real fathers death.

Developing a New Ready to Eat Dessert :: Business and Management Studies

Developing a New Ready to Eat DessertI was asked to design and plant a ready to eat dessert. My target groupwas all ages of people, specifically people aged between twenty andsixty as they disco biscuitd to have more money to spend than teenagers orpensioners.In order to gain an insight into the type of products that could beavailable to me to design and take a shit I first had to do some research.First I created a questionnaire, and handed it out to fifty people of incompatible ages. My questionnaire asked a variety of unlikequestions such as do you like chocolate based desserts? Do you likesponge? Do you prefer hot desserts to cold? The results of thisquestions formed the stem of my project. I wrote letters to managers of supermarkets asking them to send meinformation on existing products, this helped me understand the typeof cost that was suitable for my product to be sold at.From a range of magazines I made a collage of different desserts andannotated it, I used this as a kin d of brainstorm of ideas, such asthe different layers and colours that could be used.The internet was a big help to my research as I used the supermarketswebsites to find out prices of products and ingredients.In order to rivet the range of desserts I was considering I mademyself a speciation table, this stated the criteria my product shouldmeet. I decided that I would prefer my product to be chilled ratherthan frozen, which sour out some of my previous ideas such asice-cream dishes.My specification stated that my product should beColdChilledAvailable in individual portionsCheap to releaseOf a standard qualityHave a toppingHave a creamy fillingHave a crunchy baseHave a variety of texturesMust be sold at a maximum cost of 2Must have layersNext I had to design ten different products, I illustrated them andannotated them. Referring to the recipe of the dessert. To make mydecision on the final product I tested a few of the suggested ideas. Idecide to make a cheesecake.I had to make s ure my cheesecake fit my product specification. To mydelight my finished design actually does meet the majority of mycriteria. So overall my cheesecake has been a success.The only area that did not go as planned was the portion size. Mycheesecake ended up as a family size portion. This was due to thecomplication of the packaging, and sizing. I found it very hard to getthe individual portions exactly the same size each time, it was easier

Actual Benefits of Information Technology Outsourcing Essay -- companie

1) Critically evaluate the competitive advantage that can be gained by companies through IS/IT outsourcing. Provide suitable sample to support your answer.Introduction Outsourcing is an arrangement in which one company provides services for another company that could also be or normally have been provided internal. As we know, outsourcing is a development that is becoming further common in reading technology or information system and other industries for services that have usually been regarded as basic to managing a business. In some cases, the whole information management of a company is outsourced, including planning and business analysis as advantageously as the installation, management, and servicing of the network and workstations. For the example, University Kolej Poly-Tech Mara provided Campus Management System (CMS) for student and they bought this CMS from outsourcing from Indonesia. By outsourcing the logistical activities the company can achieve great remunerations. Ou tsourced environment has been unfastened to regularly bring gains in productivity to companies, specifically through scale, technology and expertise. Besides, outsourcing can also help companies reduce costs associated with labour and real estate. pickings advantage of an outsourcing vendors global, centre-based dispersed delivery brings advance economies of scale and process proficiency.Competitive advantage is very important thing especially in term of business marketing because when your business starts growing, the companies should start to think of the potential benefits of going beyond the basics, as larger companies do, and look for ways to use information systems for competitive advantage. (Dr Donald J McCubbrey, Oct 6, 2010). To achieve a competitiv... ...ks CitedWNS Global Service, Gaining competitive advantage through analytics outsourcing, 14 October 2009. Available at, http//www.slideshare.net/WNSGlobalServices/kpo-whitepaper-wns-2009, Retrieved at November 2013.Journ al of Accountancy, The Pros and Cons of IT Outsourcing, June 1998. Available at http//www.journalofaccountancy.com/Issues/1998/Jun/antonuci.htm. Retrieved at November 2013. Journal of IT Management, Volume IV, Number 2, Outsourcing the IS Function, The impact on competitive advantage, 1993. Available at, http//jitm.ubalt.edu/IV-2/article4.pdf. Retrieved at November 2013.B. A. Aubert, M. Patry, S. Rivard, Assessing IT Outsourcing Risk, Proceedings of the 31st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Jan 1998, Available at http//www.scribd.com/doc/6550923/The-Information-Technology-Outsourcing-Risk. Retrieved at Disember 2013.

Old Verities and Truths of the Heart in Writing :: Writing Authors Faulkner Essays

Old Verities and Truths of the Heart in report In his Novel Prize Address, Faulkner states that an author must leave no populate in his workshop for anything but the old verities and truths of the heart...love and honor and pity and pride and compassion and sacrifice. He accuses his younger contemporaries of ignoring these noble spiritual pillars while mull the atomic destine of mankind with questions like, When will I be blown up? Such physical fears, far from conflicts of the heart, are what plague his bomb-obsessed contemporaries. Yet Faulkner stands, evidently al one(a), in contrary to this weakness he declines to accept the end of man and in rebelling, fights for the old universal truths and the glories of the past. In classical style, he brushes away deviation fears and fads, settling for nil less than the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself. Nothing else is worth writing about and Faulkners work is living proof. The characters in uncontaminating i n swaggering are full of the conflicts and virtues Faulkner describes in his speech. In Lena, Hightower, and Christmas, one can find endurance, sacrifice, and honor. In other characters, such as Byron Bunch, the main grammatical constituent is forecast. Yet regardless of who he is describing, Faulkner does not forget that only the ancient feelings innate in humanity, those in the soul, are worthwhile. Hope and Love Hope is one of Faulkners favorite spices for planning his characters. It is perhaps the most human of all emotions in that it is fragile like the body, but at the same time all properly like the spirit. Lena plantation and Byron Bunch both have an endless amount of hope for the same thing love they have never received. Hope brought her from atomic number 13 to Mississippi in search of her runaway Lucas. Likewise, hope will carry Byron wherever Lena goes until he can find her love. Lenas hope is visible in her construction, she walked into the doorsill behind him Byron, her face already shaped with serene anticipatory smiling, her mouth already shaped upon a name (p.50). She searches from town to town for her lost love, and in each youthful place renews her hope with a serene smile. Byrons hope, however, manifests itself quite differently. There was something funny and kind of strained about him, is how the furniture repairer describes Byron (p.498). His hope is ashamed and strangling it gnaws at him trying to manifest itself with a feeble attempt in the back of a truck.Old Verities and Truths of the Heart in Writing Writing Authors Faulkner EssaysOld Verities and Truths of the Heart in Writing In his Novel Prize Address, Faulkner states that an author must leave no room in his workshop for anything but the old verities and truths of the heart...love and honor and pity and pride and compassion and sacrifice. He accuses his younger contemporaries of ignoring these noble spiritual pillars while pondering the atomic doom of mankind wi th questions like, When will I be blown up? Such physical fears, far from conflicts of the heart, are what plague his bomb-obsessed contemporaries. Yet Faulkner stands, seemingly alone, in opposition to this weakness he declines to accept the end of man and in rebelling, fights for the old universal truths and the glories of the past. In classical style, he brushes away passing fears and fads, settling for nothing less than the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself. Nothing else is worth writing about and Faulkners work is living proof. The characters in Light in August are full of the conflicts and virtues Faulkner describes in his speech. In Lena, Hightower, and Christmas, one can find endurance, sacrifice, and honor. In other characters, such as Byron Bunch, the main ingredient is hope. Yet regardless of who he is describing, Faulkner does not forget that only the ancient feelings innate in humanity, those in the soul, are worthwhile. Hope and Love Hope is one of Fa ulkners favorite spices for cooking his characters. It is perhaps the most human of all emotions in that it is fragile like the body, but at the same time all powerful like the spirit. Lena Grove and Byron Bunch both have an endless amount of hope for the same thing love they have never received. Hope brought her from Alabama to Mississippi in search of her runaway Lucas. Likewise, hope will carry Byron wherever Lena goes until he can find her love. Lenas hope is visible in her face, she walked into the door behind him Byron, her face already shaped with serene anticipatory smiling, her mouth already shaped upon a name (p.50). She searches from town to town for her lost love, and in each new place renews her hope with a serene smile. Byrons hope, however, manifests itself quite differently. There was something funny and kind of strained about him, is how the furniture repairer describes Byron (p.498). His hope is ashamed and choking it gnaws at him trying to manifest itself with a f eeble attempt in the back of a truck.

Old Verities and Truths of the Heart in Writing :: Writing Authors Faulkner Essays

previous(a) Verities and Truths of the Heart in Writing In his Novel Prize Address, Faulkner states that an author must leave no room in his workshop for anything but the elderly verities and truths of the heart...love and honor and pity and pride and compassion and sacrifice. He accuses his younger contemporaries of ignoring these noble spiritual pillars while pondering the atomic depute of mankind with questions like, When testament I be blown up? Such physical fears, far from conflicts of the heart, are what plague his bomb-obsessed contemporaries. Yet Faulkner stands, seemingly alone, in inverse to this weakness he declines to accept the end of man and in rebelling, fights for the old universal truths and the glories of the past. In classical style, he brushes away passing fears and fads, settling for nothing less than the problems of the sympathetic heart in conflict with itself. Nothing else is worth writing about and Faulkners work is living proof. The characters i n Light in exalted are all-inclusive of the conflicts and virtues Faulkner describes in his speech. In Lena, Hightower, and Christmas, one can find endurance, sacrifice, and honor. In other characters, such as Byron Bunch, the main ingredient is commit. Yet irrespective of who he is describing, Faulkner does not forget that only the ancient feelings innate in humanity, those in the soul, are worthwhile. Hope and Love Hope is one of Faulkners favorite spices for provision his characters. It is perhaps the closely human of all emotions in that it is fragile like the body, but at the same time all powerful like the spirit. Lena plantation and Byron Bunch some(prenominal) have an endless amount of hope for the same thing love they have never received. Hope brought her from Alabama to Mississippi in search of her gambol Lucas. Likewise, hope will carry Byron wherever Lena goes until he can find her love. Lenas hope is visible in her nervus, she walked into the door behind him By ron, her face already molded with serene anticipatory smiling, her mouth already shaped upon a name (p.50). She searches from town to town for her lost love, and in each juvenile place renews her hope with a serene smile. Byrons hope, however, manifests itself quite differently. There was something funny and kind of strained about him, is how the furniture repairer describes Byron (p.498). His hope is ashamed and choking it gnaws at him toilsome to manifest itself with a feeble attempt in the back of a truck.Old Verities and Truths of the Heart in Writing Writing Authors Faulkner EssaysOld Verities and Truths of the Heart in Writing In his Novel Prize Address, Faulkner states that an author must leave no room in his workshop for anything but the old verities and truths of the heart...love and honor and pity and pride and compassion and sacrifice. He accuses his younger contemporaries of ignoring these noble spiritual pillars while pondering the atomic doom of mankind with questions like, When will I be blown up? Such physical fears, far from conflicts of the heart, are what plague his bomb-obsessed contemporaries. Yet Faulkner stands, seemingly alone, in opposition to this weakness he declines to accept the end of man and in rebelling, fights for the old universal truths and the glories of the past. In classical style, he brushes away passing fears and fads, settling for nothing less than the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself. Nothing else is worth writing about and Faulkners work is living proof. The characters in Light in August are full of the conflicts and virtues Faulkner describes in his speech. In Lena, Hightower, and Christmas, one can find endurance, sacrifice, and honor. In other characters, such as Byron Bunch, the main ingredient is hope. Yet regardless of who he is describing, Faulkner does not forget that only the ancient feelings innate in humanity, those in the soul, are worthwhile. Hope and Love Hope is one of Faulk ners favorite spices for cooking his characters. It is perhaps the most human of all emotions in that it is fragile like the body, but at the same time all powerful like the spirit. Lena Grove and Byron Bunch both have an endless amount of hope for the same thing love they have never received. Hope brought her from Alabama to Mississippi in search of her runaway Lucas. Likewise, hope will carry Byron wherever Lena goes until he can find her love. Lenas hope is visible in her face, she walked into the door behind him Byron, her face already shaped with serene anticipatory smiling, her mouth already shaped upon a name (p.50). She searches from town to town for her lost love, and in each new place renews her hope with a serene smile. Byrons hope, however, manifests itself quite differently. There was something funny and kind of strained about him, is how the furniture repairer describes Byron (p.498). His hope is ashamed and choking it gnaws at him trying to manifest itself with a feeb le attempt in the back of a truck.

Optical Fiber Corp Case Analysis

Case Analysis Optical grapheme Corporation Introduction Optical fiber Corporation (OFC) is a financially booming, albeit relatively small manufacturer of multimode visual characters. The company was founded in 1990. The founders were able to defer the foodstuff largely on the stand of acquiring patent licenses from large optical fibre firms. These licenses restricted contender between the entities and provided OFC with instant access to optical fiber technology. In return, OFCs node base is limited by the license agreements and royalties of 7% on sales of licensed products (recently renegotiated to 9%) be paid to the licensors.Despite these handicaps the firm has grown in size of it and profitability. OFC grades several types of multimode optical fiber including specialty recession products they progress to developed outside of any license agreements. All customers ar cable manufacturers that convert the fibers to optical fiber cable. Three such firms account for al l over 70% of OFCs revenues. Focusing on customer service, quality and product design and process im levyments has be a winning business model to date. OFC now faces a variety of challenges including the expiration of many of the patents that afford most of its profits.This raises the real possibility of new competitors in the marketplace. Further, while in the past multimode and sensation mode optical fibers have generally been used for selective information communications and telecommunications respectively and as such were non in direct competition with each other, the advent of cheaper manufacturing processes for wizard mode fibers coupled with their inherent ability to transmit data more efficiently over longer distances may make them a more appealing choice for some of the uses that historically have favored multimode fibers.OFC is at now at a crossroads where they must decide if they are to stay in the multimode fiber business only, begin producing single mode fibers as rise, or even enter the cabling business with a forward integration strategy. Competition in the Optical Fiber Industry The optical fiber exertion is perhaps best considered as two industries that are closely related, the multimode fiber and the single mode fiber industries. The multimode assiduity in which OFC specializes is very agonistic. The United States 2001 total optical fiber market was approximately 3. 5 i million million kilometers only 330 thousand of which was multimode.The value of the multimode market was $65 million that year, only a fifth that of the single mode market. in spite of appearance the multimode market and a number of fiber manufacturers. The main rivals for OFC are the two licensors to whom they pay royalties. These firms are considerably larger and have greater resources with which to compete. Further, they have a competitive advantage in that they are the recipients of royalty payments rather than the firm making those payments. Also they are in a dress to control the design of OFCs market penetration at least with respect to their licensed products.OFC has responded by creating juicy quality products and providing exceptional customer service. In addition, OFC has made improvements to the grassroots design of some of the licensed fibers making them, in a real sense new products. The R and D department at OFC has alike been successful at developing new and less pricy manufacturing processes, which has helped to offset the added overhead of the royalty payments. Finally, OFC has developed specialty fibers with medical, aircraft, aero distance and extreme environment applications.These new fibers impart not be subject to royalty payments, competition from new entrants until patents expire years in the future, and generally afford higher profit margins than other optical fiber products. New entrants to the market are a threat to OFC and all other fiber invokers. New firms must contend with the high groovyization cost s of this technologically demanding and exacting industry. One of the costs of optical fiber output is the R and D required to bring successful products to market. Between 1999 and 2007 the patents for many of the basic fibers publishd by OFC and its licensors will expire.New firms entering the market will be free to produce the products once protected under those patents without having incurred any R and D costs. These firms will also be free from royalty payments to licensors or any restrictive covenants such as those under which OFC operates. The industry in general, and OFC in particular, must contend with the purchasing power of its buyers. Optical fiber is converted into optical fiber cable. In the United States there are twenty companies that perform this function. OFC sells over 70% of their fiber to just three.The loss of any of these accounts could be devastating for OFC and places them in a weak position when negotiating prices, at least when the products are those whi ch are readily procurable from other multimode fiber producers. It is doubtful that switching costs would be high for buyers. Favoring OFC and the optical fiber market are the projections for annexd demand for multimode optical fibers at least through the mid 2000s. Sources of increased demand for multimode fiber are anticipated to include cable TV, undersea cables, local area networks (LAN) as healthy as general data communications growth such as computer uses.As noted the single mode optical fiber market is some(prenominal) larger than the multimode market. It too, is expect to see significant growth over the next several years. Single mode fibers have the advantage of efficiently transmitting data over long distances, faster transmission rates and other desirable optical properties but until recently have been more expensive to produce. The advent of cheaper production methods will al hapless single mode fibers to enter markets that were once dominated by multimode fibers.Pro duction of these fibers requires expensive specialized manufacturing equipment and a significant commitment to R and D. The industry includes one of the OFC licensors. Substitute products for single mode fibers include microwaves, and satellites for telecommunications. Impact seems limited. Copper wire can be used as a substitute for the fiber-to-home and fiber-to-curb applications of every multimode or single mode fibers but by the mid 2000s the lowered cost of production of single mode fibers will liable(predicate) make this the preferred choice for these functions.Finally, it should be noted that suppliers are unlikely to exert competitive forces on the fiber optics markets. The materials used in the production of fibers are commodities of low value such as glass, certain gases and oxide particles. OFC Strengths OFC has many strengths. The firm is financially strong with record sales and earnings for the last year as well as increased manufacturing capacity. Furthermore, there w as a $20 million backlog for optical fibers in the last year and orders are increasing. There was net income of $6. 1million on revenue of $48. million in 2002. The Quick Ratio, a measure of a firms ability to meet short-term debt obligations (Current Assets Inventories)/Current Liabilities = ($31. 0m $6. 6m)/$12. 5 = 2. 0 is very solid. Return on equity (Net Income/Equity) = $6. 1m/$44. 0m = 13. 9% is also very impressive. OFC has developed new specialty products for medical, military, commercial aircraft, aerospace and severe environment uses. These are likely to receive patents and will not require royalty payments and will be protected from competitors for years to come.The firm has a variety of options to confront the challenges of the changing market place. OFC has patent licenses to produce optical cables that would allow for forward integration if they chose to move in that direction. Engineers at OFC have been able to find new ways to produce old products more efficiently reducing production costs. They have also developed adaptations of existing products to create new and preposterous demands for those products. OFC is in an industry that is expected to enjoy strong growth for at least the next several years.That demand will come from a variety of industries adding stability to the market. The equipment necessitate to produce optical fiber is expensive and the expertise demanding creating, a relative barrier to entry. Copper wire as a substitute is relatively expensive and as technological advances decrease the cost of optical fibers copper will become a non-entity. Perhaps most importantly, OFC has a strong reputation for quality, service and competitive pricing. OFC Weaknesses OFC is a small company. They were only able to enter the market by virtue of other firms products and license agreements.Those licenses have protected OFC from competition but have also limited the scope of its customer base and added significant fixed costs in royalty pa yments. Royalties will now increase to 9% (after paying(a) a one time $3 million fee) on 85% of sales. Furthermore, while OFC is paying royalties to use these patents new entrants may soon be competing as patents expire. These firms will have essentially no R and D expense and of course no royalty payments potentially allowing them to produce at costs at a lower place those of OFC.OFC must also contend with a limited number of buyers. Over 70% of sales are to just three cable producers. The ability of OFC to increase prices to these large purchasers is doubtful. If even one of these customers were lost to an alternative fiber optic producer the effect on OFC could be dramatic. OFC operates in a competitive industry that will become more so with time. Copper wire manufacturers will turn to optical cable production to stay relevant. Overseas producers, already sources of competition to OFC, are likely to play a larger role in the future.Finally, OFCs success has been built on quali ty, service and innovation. One or more competitor can potentially offer all of these. OFCs Core Competencies OFC manufactures multimode, high quality optical fiber for cabling companies that convert that fiber into cable for a variety of data communications uses. The firm has a reputation for low prices and excellent customer service. Much of their success can be attributed to their R and D program, which has developed cost saving production technologies as well as product innovations.More recently, OFC has shown itself to be an innovator, developing entirely new multimode optical fiber products that demand a variety of unique niche functions. To continue producing and selling multimode optical fiber successfully, OFC needs to prepare for increased competition as patent protections expire. As new entrants begin producing many of the higher volume OFC products, likely at lower cost given their lack of R and D and royalty expenses, OFC will need to spend spare resources on developi ng decreased costs of production if they are to continue selling those products profitably.They will need to maintain their center on quality and customer service. In part that will require continued product testing. They may wish to explore, however, if testing 100% of products as is stream policy is necessary or if testing samples from each batch would serve as well and save money. OFC will need to continue to support R and D to develop new products and patentable improvements on existing ones. Options Available for Growth Pursuit of Niche Markets OFC has already demonstrated an ability to develop marketable niche multimode fibers. Previously created are fibers able to withstand high radiation nvironments for nuclear reactor and military applications, a fiber that can tolerate deep subsurface submersion and a trine tolerant of high heat conditions. They have also successfully experimented with a fiber capable of transmitting UV glisten and another with unique medical and scien tific uses. To continue their development program for specialty fibers will require annual R and D spending increases of $400,000 and an additional annual expenditure for three new staff totaling $325,000. Outside firms can be hired to handle sales for 10% commissions.When sales volumes are adequate, salaried OFC employees can be used instead. The calculation as to when this makes financial sense for the firm is simple when 10% of sales exceed the salary and benefit expenses of the needed in-house sales force then sales should become an OFC operation. The advantage of niche products is the lack of competition and relatively higher margins. Develop Single Mode Fiber Capacity OFC could choose to enter the much larger single mode fiber market. It is estimated that this will require a capital investment of $4 million for new plant and equipment.It will take a year for the new facilities to be operational. There will also be a reported one time R and D expense of $2. 5 million. This is a first year expense so it cannot be capitalized. It can reasonably be take for granted that there will be additional R and D expenses going forward although presumably these would be considerably lower than the initial expense. Entering the single mode market places OFC in competition with larger firms than it currently faces with greater resources to sell products with thinner margins and would divert OFC resources from their core business functions.Forward Integration A third option for OFC is to produce optical cable. The required patent licenses are available. Two options for this forward integration strategy exist. OFC can commit $5 million in capital investments and plan on spending an additional $500,000 annually for R and D or they can simply purchase a cabling company for an estimated $10 15 million in capital expenditure. There is currently an excess supply of cable and cabling firms and several are in danger of bankruptcy and so an acquisition should be feasible. Forwar d integration raises several concerns.Regardless of the approach taken, entering the fiber optic cable business will be expensive for OFC. This is a market that is already experiencing an excess of capacity so it can be assumed that at least for some time to come profits in the cabling industry will be squeezed. This is not a core business function of OFC but to pursue cable production will be so expensive as to necessarily draw resources away from some of the firms core activities, activities that are likely to be more profitable and entail less financial risk. Finally, one needs to consider that all of OFCs customers are cable producers.If OFC enters this market they will become a competitor of their customers. It seems super probable that at least some of these optical fiber buyers will respond in a retaliatory manner and switch to alternate suppliers. approximately of OFCs products are not unique and can be supplied by their licensors. The three large buyers would seem in a p articularly strong position to adversely respond to any entry into the cabling market by OFC. OFC Policy Statement In choosing a direction for the future growth of OFC several considerations should be kept in mind. First, OFC has been successful in large part because of its focus on quality.Any efforts at growth should not come at the expense of producing high quality products. Second, the firm must continue to provide a high level of customer service. This should include responsiveness to customers needs for new products and product features when those offerings are commensurate with the firms vision, available or attainable expertise and when economically viable. Finally, the firm should continue to fund R and D efforts to allow for a continuous pipeline of new products and improvements to existing ones in an effort to maintain a unique competitive position in the market.OFC has been successful in competing against larger firms by avoiding head to head competition. Initially this was accomplished through license agreements alone. Later, the firm was able to create unique improvements to existing products and processes that gave it an advantage. Most recently OFC has created unique patentable products. These represent three different ways of avoiding direct competition. Despite their growth, OFC remains a relatively small firm in the optical fiber space and should continue to eschew direct competition when possible, realizing that the market is dominated by larger and better-funded firms.Recommendations OFC should stay out of the cable producing business. This market is the least profitable, most expensive to enter and likely to have the lowest return on investment. It is also likely to result in retaliation by current customers and reduced sales. The single mode market is much larger than the multimode market but as a consequence will bring OFC in contact with larger firms that already have the equipment and knowledge base to produce these products. A small firm with limited resources should not leave its core competencies behind to take on firms that are already in place.OFC needs to continue to make niche products whether they are improvements on old multimode fibers or new fibers with unique properties and functions. This firm will never be a big player in the highly competitive optical fiber industry, they arrived too late and dont have the capital to displace the dominant firms. Given that projections are for most of the increased demand for optical fibers to occur through the mid to late 2000s OFC may fatality to watch for an opportune time to sell to one of these larger entities, perhaps a single mode fiber producer to whom the OFC product line would prove complimentary.

Family Finance Essay

Doing a figure for my family or even for personal use is not a late experience for me. At a very young age, I was taught by my p arnts how to wisely manage my money so that I would have something to rend unwrap in case I flirt emergency situations. I carried this on until adulthood and have been making budgets every now and then to make certainly that my finances will be enough to cover my bills and other activities that ask spending. What did you learn about opinion card debt paying the minimum payment?I have been using point of reference cards for years now and I just realized, through this activity, that I know very little about the satisfying process. I thought that paying the minimum payment of my credit card bill will lessen my financial burdens. However, it only made things worse because of the rice beer it gained every month that I was not able to pay the whole balance.Banks do not properly educate their clients regarding these interests. They expect their clients to understand the terms and conditions that are written at the back of their forms like these contain terms that are easy to understand. Why is having emergency money in a savings grudge important?It is important to have emergency money in a savings account because this would mean that a person will have something to pull out when he or she encounters tight situations involving money. A person, even with a planned budget, female genital organ inevitably overspend at times.There are besides instances when he or she will encounter situations wherein he or she would have to shell out a large amount of money. In these cases, it is always stop to have extra money in ones savings account to avoid the hassle of borrowing from others or from financial institutions. Borrowing from friends or relatives would be easy because they will most likely lend the person the money that he or she needs, at times without even asking any questions. The case would be different in banks because this w ould require a great deal of process before the load would be approved.In addition, the person would fend for from the interests that the bank will place on him or her, which will depend on how much the loan will be. Instead of making peoples give ways easier, loaning from financial institutions can become a nightmare. What is a credit pull in? What are the major credit tracking agencies?A credit get to is a number generated by a mathematical algorithm based on information in a persons credit report (Curry, n.d.). This score is used by lending agencies to go down whether to lend the borrower the money that he or she requests or not. It is therefore important to have an ideal credit score.The ideal credit score is about 720 or higher but most people will score 600 to 800 (Curry, n.d.). A good credit score will allow the person to borrow money easily and to have low interest rates. Financial institutions can also use this information to decide whether to increase a persons inter est rate or increase his or her credit limit. There are three major credit reporting agencies and these include Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion. What can occur if you are a victim of identity theft?Identity theft consists of stealing another persons identifying information and using the information to take money or make purchases (Bergman, Berman-Barrett, & Berman, 2008, p.293). The sad thing here is that these purchases that thieves would make becomes the responsibility of the victim. Worse, the victims constitution will be put to risk because it is his or her name that is being used by the perpetrator. It can take several days or weeks to arrive at ones name in companies and establishments, especially in financial institutions because the person would have to prove that his or her identity was stolen.Section Two During prenuptial counseling, what can individuals learn about finances?Premarital counseling is important for couples to take before getting married because this wou ld prepare them for the different issues that they may encounter in their married life. One of the many issues that they have to be prepared about is their finances. They will learn how to keep track of their finances.They will learn how to budget and stick to their financial limits so that they do not go overboard. If they own debts at the time of counseling, they will realize that they should pay these off so that they can start clean before getting married. They also need to open a savings plan for rainy days. Also, they need to have a seclusion investment fund so that they do not have to worry when the time comes that they need to retire. How does understanding finances help with a relationship, in particular, at bottom a marriage relationship?One of the major problems that couples face in their married life is their finances. More often than not, this is the cause of divorce or separation. perceptiveness their finances will help them realize the steps that they need to take in order for them to not experience money troubles. They will realize that they need to work together and not independently to be able to save and have enough money for their family. If they understood their financial status and the things that they have to do in order for them to have a good financial stats, it is most likely that they will also understand each other and have conk out relationship. Is it possible for finances to lead a marriage to divorce?As mentioned above, it is possible that financial problems can lead a marriage to divorce. There are times when a person who feels that the other is not exerting enough effort to support the whole family financially will decide that it is better to separate than to live with financial burdens. There are times when money matters are the cause of regular fights, especially if one makes more money than the other. Divorce can overhaul if couples do not talk about their financial status and try to come up with solutions for their pro blems. Do children have an impact on finances?Having children do have an impact on finances as compared to couples living with only the two of them together. Children would mean that the couple would have to budget for clothes, food, toys, education, and other activities to support their harvest-home and development. It would also mean that the couple would have to save in case of emergency like hospital emergencies and the like.

Manpower Issues Essay

The fast food industriousness is a labor driven sector. It has an extensive requirement of manpower to serve the change magnitude flow of consumer traffic at the outlets. Skilled labor with fast pace of work is the basic requirement for this job. It is mostly youngsters who are eligible for this job still it can be stressful and at times hazardous. This industry requirement for long hours of duty, on the toe at all times and attentive to the needs of the customer is quite an uphill task. There is no precariousness that the emergence and growth of this industry sector has solved the unemployment problem to a great extent. many another(prenominal) youngsters have found a living in this industry but the pay packages earlier were not very attractive. The pay scales have no doubt improved now but the work conditions remain almost the same. The Back Yard Burgers currently employ over 10,000 people throughout their chain of restaurants. distributively restaurant employs around 25 emplo yees, of which some are part timers. A company-operated restaurant has a unit supervisor and two co-unit supervisors. Each unit supervisor reports to the district manager.A district manager has about five to eight restaurants in their supervision. Their role constitutes of keeping tabs on all aspects of operations and management of the restaurants in their jurisdiction. Each of these district managers report to the Director of Operations. The company endorses strict training and personnel development strategy. All personnel have to go through a personnel-training program on fast friendly and efficient customer service, restaurant cleanliness, and proper management of day-to-day operations.The employees have to go through classroom sessions that apprize them about aspects of food safety, sanitation, laws, and regulations related to the food industry and operational aspects of restaurant. The company envisages labor to be a critical factor in the coming years since the opportunitie s have increased manifolds. The demand for skilled labor is rising and this will lead to higher wages and compensation packages. Managing and retaining quality workforce in this industry will be a little difficult task and the key to effective manpower management is to keep the employees happy and satisfied with their jobs.

Political Economy of Journalism Essay

The political economy of journalism is ground on Marxs critique of capitalism. With this in mind assess the following professionals and amateurs stick come forth form powerful partnerships to create important journalism (Jones & Salter 2002 29)The term political economy originally denoted the study of the conditions under which economic merchandise was coordinate in the capitalist system. In Marxism, political economy studies the way of life of production specifically of capital, and how that manifests as economic activity (Marx, 1867). Its simple, political economy derives numerous of its analytical insights from the Marxist analysis of capitalism as a model of production, defined in the first instance by the relationship amid the forces of production, or the technologies and techniques done which material and symbolic goods and services are produced, and the favorable relations of production, or the relations amongst social agents (such as owners, editors and journalists in this case) through which the production of such goods and services are organised, and the associated modes of distribution of the economic product. This coupling of the forces and social relations of production provides the base from which another(prenominal) social transitiones, and the overall social structure of a historically specific mode of production, are organised.In the political economy of journalism, capitalism is identified as a mode of production characterised by unprecedented dynamism, continuously revolutionizing its productive processes with refreshing technologies and mod forms of organising the labour process (Mosco 1995 43). Karl Marx described in Capital this relationship between the economic base and the social structure in these footing In the social production of their life men, enter into definite relations that are ingrained and independent of their will, relations of production that will correspond to a definite stage of development of their mater ial productive forces. The sum total of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure, the real basis on which rises a legal and political superstructure and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness. The mode of production of material life conditions the widely distributed process of social, political and intellectual life (Marx 1867).In his three volume consummation The Information historic period parsimoniousness, Society and Culture, the sociologist Manuel Castells has proposed that since the 1980s a neweconomy has emerged that is global, networked and informational. While this new techno-economic framework remains capitalist in form, it is based upon what Castells describes as an informational rather than an industrial mode of development, which he defines in these terms In the industrial mode of development, the main source of productivity lies in the introductions of new energy sources, and in the ability to decentralize the use of ener gy through the production and circulation processes. In the new, informational mode of development, the source of productivity lies in the technology of knowledge generation, information processing, and symbol communication What is specific to the informational mode of development is the motion of knowledge upon knowledge itself as the main source of productivity. I call this mode of development informational, constituted by the emergence of a new technological paradigm based on information technology (Castells 1996 17).Castells has proposed that the rise of a network society has its origins in some central elements derivatives of the new regime of accumulation, or the nexus between production and consumption, identified by Castells as the information technology paradigm, which is based upon the mass diffusion of information and communication technologies. The new economy is networked and it is based upon information networks such as the earnings, as well as the networked enterp rise becoming the dominant form of economic organisation, at whose emotional state is no longer the capitalist firm, but global markets and business projects based upon short-term strategic alliances and partnerships. For Castells, the networked enterprise is a logical corollary of electronic business, as it is based around the Internet-based, interactive, networked connection between producers, consumers, and service providers (Castells 2001 75).It has never been so easy to create information, and at the same time it has never been so difficult to ease up a living off its practice the market is bigger than ever, but the income is the lowest in hi tosh, in relative terms. This trend is clearly visible in the USA, so m any times forerunner about what is going to happen with the rest of the western countries. The scene is quite disturbing, at least in the USA, where study newspapers strike seen how their diffusion has fallen from 62 million copies to 49 million since the Internet became mainstream with an easy access for most of the citizens of that country 15 years ago. near a hundred newspapers were forced to stopprinting in paper format. During the same period, the number of readers of digital journalism has increased from nought to 75 million. The shine in advertisements, which represents the main income in paper journalism, has reduced the profit drastically, which subsequently has brought massive lay-offs as read in some of the mastheads of the main European newspapers (1).El Pais, reference Spanish newspaper, fired to a greater extent than 30 per cent of its staff after announcing a dismissal program. The company notified 129 of its workers that they were fired via e-mail the past tenth of November, while many of them were at their positions. The reason of the redundancy was the mismanagement of Juan Luis Cebrin, CEO of El Pas, according to Maruja Torres, journalist of that newspaper, in a lecture at University of Barcelona Cebrin lost 5 billion eur o gambling in casino capitalism, buying radios in Miami and Latin-American TVs that were absolutely worthless. He wanted to be a financial shark in Wall Street, but he actually was a little sardine who made everything wrong. He wasted the profits of our work in the adventure of the best newspaper of the Spanish democracy (2).In the last years and due to the systemic crisis experienced by this sector, the main newspapers have faced many problems and several of them have been forced to move totally their paper editions to only On-line editions, like Pblico, another Spanish newspaper, that stop printing its paper edition a little longer than eight months ago, because of the decrease in its sales. (3) Newspapers financially survive in two ways, one is the income generated from advertisings and the other is from subscriptions. Advertising is at the centre of the postulate, because, among other things, is the main source of funding and therefore for the survival of traditionalistic news papers. As noted in The Economist in its special report called Bulletins from the future (4), the bulk of the revenue enhancements had descended while at the same time the income of On-line media grew enormously. It is not only that the model of business has changed but overly the model of consumption has changed.The Internet has brought an unprecedented revolution in the way we create, handle and spread information. It has demolished the old methods and has opened unlimited possibilities for the elaboration of a top-quality product with information. Brian Winston (1986, 1998), argues that, in contrast to claims that we are currently in the midst of an information revolution, the historical development of technologies such as telephone, radio, TV,satellites, computers and Internet are marked far more by continuities rather than epochal transformations. Winston also argues that, insofar as technologies may still contain potential to repugn the dominant pattern of social relations. That its what we are seeing in the actual performing of relationship between citizens and journalism, where citizens are acting as journalists modify content that is published on traditional media.This form of citizen journalism includes things like publication of photographs or video taken by amateurs who happened to be at the even up place at the right time, such as the London bombings in July 2005 or London Riots in 2011. It could also include comment and opinion by a blogger that later appears on a mainstream media news site. Most of the time these people are not paid for their contribution. Citizen Journalism in this context is most always contextualized, edited and proofread by professional journalists (Quin & Lamble 2008). The website OhmyNews is one of the pioneers of citizen journalism, having more than 50.000 citizen reporters as of March 2007. Jean Min of OhmyNews International said every story went through an extensive screening and copyediting process before it was published. Although sometimes good quality blog content appears in mainstream media.The key word is quality. UK journalist Jemima snog concedes that the cream of bloggers will be experts in their field. Blogs are often an extension of peoples job or their passions (5). It is logical that traditional media should seek out their skills, but traditional gatekeepers have important skills that should not be underestimated. Min of OhmyNews concurs We believe bloggers can work better with professional assistance from trained journalists. On the other hand, we also believe professional journalists can expand their view and scope greatly with fresh input from citizen reporters. News media as a whole can offer more diverse and rich content to readers by tapping into the wealth of Netizens collective wisdom (Quin & Lamble 2008). However, citizen journalism assume the role of journalists and that necessitates a debate about who is a journalist. Citizen Journalism sites succeed because they ar e easy and cheap to set up. Salaries are often not an issue because people volunteer their time.This means these bloggers or citizen reporters dont want to be journalists, they just want to be heard and respected. (Min 2007) The first form of citizen journalism is likely to continue because traditional medianeed quality content, and in many cases they are not paying for it. The second form requires energy and passion to sustain itself, and a form of revenue or business model. Arash Amel, a senior analyst for the media analysis company Screen Digest, said The business model for user-generated sites has been build it and sell it and let somebody else worry about the business model. News Corp admitted early in 2007 that its Fox movie studio and television content would be more important than home made clips for capturing online video advertising. Screen Digest expects this market to expand for billions before 2012 (Edgecliffe-Johnson and van Duyn 2007).Bowman and Willis see collaborati on as the campaign force behind the explosion of citizen media as passionate and motivated people produce new forms of media. The democratization of media has levelled the competitive landscape and forced dramatic changes in the news business (Bowman and Willis 2005 7). They reject the notion that citizen journalism means the ends of the new media companies or journalism. However, in the last few years, the journalism has been through a circumstances of troubles because of Internet, but also thanks to the Network and how was changed the pattern of consume information, a lot of possibilities has been disclosed. One of them is crowdsourcing. Jeff Howe (2006) was the first person who has coined its definition, he describes crowdsourcing as a process that distribute problem-solving and production model.In the classic use of the term, problems are broadcast to an unknow group of solvers in the form of an open call for solutions. Usersalso known as the crowdsubmit solutions. Solutions a re then owned by the entity that broadcast the problem in the first placethe crowdsourcer. The contributor of the solution is, in some cases, compensated either monetarily, with prizes, or with recognition. In other cases, the only rewards may be kudos or intellectual satisfaction. Crowdsourcing may produce solutions from amateurs or volunteers working in their spare time, or from experts or small businesses which were unknown to the initiating organization (Howe 2006).Concluding remarks the global production of information and mass media is not make over the grounds of objectivity and the quality of a truthful information, as they would make us believe. Journalism in this case is not any diverse from any other capitalist industry. The production of information follows the laws of political economy, that is to say, the maximization of profits and thanks tothat fact the media owners trade freely with information like any other commodity on the market that is at the service of the c apitalist system.BIBLIOGRAPHYAXFORD, HUGGINS 2001, New Media and Politics, Sage Publications, London. BENDER, DAVENPORT, DRAGER, FREDLER 2009, Reporting for the Media, Oxford University Press, Oxford. CASTELLS, Manuel 1996a, The Rise of the Network Society, vol. 1 of The Information Age Economy, Society and Culture, Blackwell, Malden, Mass. 2001. The Internet Galaxy Reflections on Economy, Society and Culture, Oxford University Press, Oxford. COTTLE Simon 2003. News, Public Relations and Power, Sage Publications, London. FLEW, Terry 2002, New Media an introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford. JONES, SALTER 2012, Digital Journalism, Sage Publications, London. MARX, Karl 1867, Capital, Verlag von Otto Meissner, Hamburg. MOSCO, Vincent 1995, The Political Economy of Communication, Sage, Calif. QUINN, Stephen LAMBLE, Stephen 2008, Online Newsgathering Research and Reporting for Journalism, Focal Press, Elsevier, Burllington. SALWEN, GARRISON, DRISCOLL 2005, Online News and the Pub lic, Lawrence WINSTON, Brian 1986, Misunderstanding Media, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London. Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, London. BOWMAN, WILLIS 2005, The Future is Here, But Do News Media Companies See It?, Nieman Reports. Available from http//www.nieman.harvard.edu/reports/article/100558/The-Future-Is-Here-But-Do-News-Media-Companies-See-It.aspx cited 2012 EDGECLIFFE, JOHNSON & VAN DUYN 2007, Murdoch is sight of Dow Jones. 21 June 2007. Available from http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/cde8a968-2016-11dc-9eb1 000b5df10621.htmlaxzz2CPrMqwcR cited 2012 HOWE, Jeff 2006, The Rise of Crowdsourcing , Wired Magazine. Available from http//www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.06/crowds.html MIN, Jean 2007. Interview. 29 May 2007. Available from http//laazotea.blogspot.co.uk/2007/05/entrevista-jean-k-mings-ohmynews.html cited 2012 CARLING, John. El momento crucial. El Pas. 10 May 2009. Available from http//elpais.com/diario/2009/05/10/domingo/1241927553_850215.html cited 2012 TORRES, Maruja. Preguntes que els periodistes ens haurem de fer cada

Healthy and Safety Within the Setting Essay

You have a new member of staff starting and you are responsible for giving them all the information on wellness and expertty requirements in your setting they need to be aware of. Prepare a document/presentation to mother to them, which should include the following information * A brief explanation of the relevant wellness and preventative legislation * How you plan and maintain a healthy and upright surroundings * What factors do you consider when planning the environment to ensure safety for all. Health and safety legislation.Within the early years setting, we have a affair of care. This means looking after the children and keeping them safe when they are in our care. The health and safety at work act 1974 covers all employment settings inwardly great Britain. The requirements within the act are that- Buildings should be well kept and with the safety of who ever will be accessing it in mind. The environment as a whole should be kept safe and clean. all(prenominal) equipme nt should be stored in a safe place. The way in which the staff work should promote the safety of children.Health and safety within the setting. The will be policies and procedures covering health and safety within our setting. As en employee you should be aware of all of the health and safety requirements. The setting should be safe for everyone and not pose risk of danger or injury. A system of safe practice should be in place. Any chemicals or substances should be stored safely and out of the way of the children. All staff should be given the appropriate training and information on the health and safety of the setting and safety regulations. If any rotective clothing is needed then it should be provided free of charge. If and serious injuries or diseases were to happen then they should be report to the health and safety executive. There should be first aid equipment provided. A representative of safety should be consulted about any issues affecting the work place. All employees should look after their own health and safety and the of the others around them, where their actions could affect others. The employees should cooperate with their employer on health and safety to ensure they keep a safe working environment.Within our setting. Within our setting we have daily checks covering all areas of the building. These are to be done at the beginning and end of each day. We have risk assessments as well which we use to prevent hazards. We keep all hazardous chemicals in the cupboard in the kitchen with a lock on the door. Also the children are not aloud into the kitchen. There is a gate with a lock on to stop them getting through. We have child favourable scissors which are only used under adult supervision.The cutlery that we provide the children with is plastic and so are their plates, bowls and cups. All the taps on the sinks that the children have access to have a block on them. This prevents them from getting to hot so the children cannot get burned. We h ave socket covers on all plug sockets. We do all the cleaning once the children have left the setting to prevent slips and trips. We have a lock on the front gate and back gate. This is so the children can not get out, but also so that nobody can get in without being let in. ll the radiators have covers on so the children cannot burn themselves on them. Any free standing units the we have, have got locks on the wheels so they cant be moved or put up over a childs foot. We have things on all of the doors to prevent children shutting their finger in them. We make sure we think about all the risks within our setting and we address the problem to prevent an accidents happening. We have policies and procedures in place covering all factors of the setting, ensuring we make it as safe an environment for the children and employees as possible.

Child Abuse Essay

If you were placed in a position were your life was put into danger would you risk escaping? This question was asked by Jaycee Dugard everyday during her eighteen grade being held captive. In her memoir A Stolen Life, Jaycee Dugard explains to us why she didnt try to run from her abductor Philip Garrido even though she was given so many chances to do so. In to the highest degree situations it is very touchy for victims to take out their maltreaters concur. In the past it was near impossible for victims of abduction to escape safely on their own. With the realization that We guard seen a significent increase in the number of thru the means of strangers, family or friends (Amber appal 1). It has been easier to help child abduction victims with systems like the Amber Alert system, yet it is still difficult for the victims to leave on their own. Abuse victims along with Dugard likewise struggle with come toing the strength to leave. Years after Dugard was rescued she says You mu st queue your voice and not be afraid to speak up (Dugard 148). Something she regrets doing while being held captive.In the end the seize that victims of abuse should flummox to a greater extent than responsibility to escaoe their maltreaters control should be challenges because of the problem to escape their abusers control and to gain the strength to leave. Not only do child victims of abuse deal with the control of their abuser, but many adults deal with the same(p) issue. Many women deal with the challenge of leaving their abusive partner, but fail because of the partner control and power they see over their victims. Many women find it difficult because they remain emotionally and economically dependent on their batterer (Domestic Violence 1). In most marital situations their is a oscillation of abuse and the familys life becomes a cycle of violence. The man who was terrifying and intimidating turns into a remorseful, needy, and dependent man. The woman who was battered t hen will step sorry for the man and recommit to him in a fantasized hope that the abuse wont happen again.But the cycle of abuse will array again, often becoming worse (Domestic Violence 2). In order to escape this abuse the cycle must be broken. According to Blich, Stranger kidnapping victimizes much females then males, occurs primarily at outdoor locations, victimizes both teenagers and school-age children, is associated with sexual assaults in the case of girl victims (Blich 1). After being abducted children are usually brainwashed and manipulated, gaining the abductor even more control. This is what happened in Dugards situation. Philip Garrido, Dugardsabductor, told her that he was hurting her so he wouldnt fool to hurt other little girls, thereby making Dugard olfactory modality that if she did try to leave it would be her fault for the pain he caused others (Dugard 158). In doing so Garrido gained complete control over Dugard. However strong you are most can agree that i t is very difficult to leave somebody you are dependent on, yet it is obligatory if you want to go on happily. Therefore the claim that abuse victims should take more responsibility to escape their control is difficult for anyone.Many will argue that people who are abused should take more responsibility to to escape from their abuser. In some situations outsiders will argue that we should outsmart our abuser and learn from it making us stronger to leave. According to The Washington Post, They escaped these things not finished the efforts of good samaritans, but through recognizing a bad situation and either getting away from it, avoiding it or screaming and kicking to draw solicitude (St. George 1). This proves that children are capable not responsible. Another argument is that the child who is being abducted should be able to help themselves and escape the situation. The child should do whatever is necessary to stay out of the car, because once the child is in that car, it drama tically reduces the chances of escape (St. George 2).This is a lot of responsibility put onto a young child. How do we convey an eight year-old girl to escape a potential abuser if many forty year-old women cant leave an abuser they have been with for years. During Dugards eighteen year abduction several visuals were taken to show the pain of her loved ones. It can be proven that many were concerned with her abduction. In the visual Missing published in The Telegraph (2009). We are shown both Dugards mother, Terry Probyn, and step-father, Carl Probyn, they look heartbroken and distressed. Some would argue that with how much Jaycee Dugard knew she was loved, she should of gained enough strength and motivation to escape and go brook to living her everyday life. However she was unaware of this while being held captive. The argument that in domestic abuse natural selections are on tap(predicate) to leave or available to encourage victims to leave is true, yet difficult.Victims have the option of professional help and gaining awareness of the situation. With the cycle of abuse it is very hard to get to the point were you look you need the help, then there is the struggle of actually going ahead and doing it. Regardless of the several arguments that people can challenge we have proof from specialisedsituations like Dugards along with more common issue like marital dispute that without finding overall strength and gaining the courage to escape the abuser control it is impossible to escape and go back to your normal life. Gaining strength is one of the most difficult things to do in life. One way we gain strength is having support and happiness. How do we gain strength if we dont have either? This faces millions of people daily who are in abusive relationships. They merely cant find the strength to leave. In Dugards memoir she says although she is unhappy she is too afraid of the risk of leaving and doesnt know how she would be able to take care of herself and her two daughters.One of the reasons I stayed was I wanted my kids to be safe. The outside was scary for me. I was so afraid that if i left or tried to leave and take them both with me I wouldnt be able to protect them (Dugard 276). Even her knowing the fact that if she were to escape successfully her daughters could have a much better life, yet if they werent successful they would have to continue living in hiding in the backyard of Garridos home. She didnt have enough strength to take the risk although the successful end results were so much better then her current situation. In abuse situations victims struggle with the same issue of strength. In between the cycle of abuse there is only a small gap between the man being violent and the women shade remorseful and forgiving him. Where gaining the strength in between that small gap is difficult especially when it would need to be regained the next time the abuse restarts. Women also have other options.Most women have a supportive f amily or homes they can go to keep safe. But strength is key and difficult to pick up when one is constantly bringing you down. Although more options are available to leave, like hot-line cards in bathrooms for abuse victims or Dugard being taken into public with the option to run, we need strength to take them. Strength is a necessity to leave making the claim that abuse victims are responsible for leaving their abuser difficult to prove. In conclusion finding the courage to leave an abuser is an unthinkable challenge to those placed in that position. Without finding the strength and escaping the overwhelming control of the abuser its near impossible. As time goes on there becomes more options for abuse to happen or lead to abuse.One in five children ten to 17 receive unwanted sexual solicitations online (Blich 1), which can lead to a more serious abuse. No matter how different the situationsare the abuse victims suffer through they can relate back to the same struggles. Accordin g to Jayvee Dugard after her long term abuse she refers to life today as A light that I thought had been extinguished was coming back to life (Dugard 238). While in the position of abuse its difficult to find the strength, but it can be gained again. The difficulty of escaping the abuser will also be difficult. It will remain difficult while recovering from the abuse. The claim that people should take more responsibility to escape their abusers? False.

Modern Christian Movement

Christian Fundamentalism is both a movement and a code of rules, referring to the adherence to the religion and scriptural article of beliefs (http//www.sullivan-county.com/news/index.htm, 2003). Nowadays, the marge is often corrupted to specify extremists and terrorists, who attack multi heathenishism, state and the basic concepts of family planning. The present paper is designed to discuss the movement and the underlying doctrine in details and comp atomic number 18 it to the similar Muslim and Judaist phantasmal movements and trends.The Modern Christian Movement emerged in the beginning of the 20th century in response to modernism, industrialization and the following reformations of social life towards democracy (Appleby et al, 2003). The five fundamentals of Christian belief that were enumerated in a series of 12 paperback volumes containing scholarly essays on the Bible that appeared between 1910 and 1915. Those included 1) Biblical inerrancy 2) The divinity of Jesus 3)The Virgin Birth 4) The belief that Jesus died to redeem humankind 5)An expectation of the Second Coming, or physical return, of Jesus Christ (www.sullivan-county.com, 2003).Furthermore, the tracts contained the reproof of technological progress and modern theology and insisted upon the return to the initials, i.e. to the first century, when agate lineal Christianity was spreading. The whole Bible was declared inerrant, in contrast to the other Christian movements, which refuted received parts of the Gospel. Furthermore, fundamentalists had true hostility to those who didnt share their beliefs up to the last point, as they alleged thither was nothing redundant or useless in the Bible (Appleby et al, 2003), as the scriptures should have been viewed as instructions rather than edifying stories and narratives.The followers of the movement also believed in the sixth-day Creationism and therefore rejected the whole evolutionary science. More importantly, they asserted that Bible should no t have been interpreted, as it had to be understood literally, without searching any mystic contexts, as the scriptures were written specifically for mundane peoples understanding (Appleby et al, 2003 Armstrong, 2001).Furthermore, fundamentalists prioritized faith over virtuous lifestyle, whereas the last mentioned was nevertheless to correspond with the exact fundamentalist teachings. It also needs to be state that fundamentalists viewed human being as basically sinful and violent Because Calvin, Luther, and Augustine all see humans as depraved and born into sin produced a truly negative outlook on humanity. Also their idea of the elect creates an attitude that they are somehow chosen to a higher place all others. This puts them at odds with mainline or liberal Protestant churches that reject the Augustinian notions of human depravity (www.sullivan-county.com, 2003).The history of the movement itself is also interesting and controversial. In the early 20th century, the discipl es of the fundamentals began to pull in churches and denominations in the United States and United kingdom (Appleby et al, 2003). In 1910, the northern Presbyterian Church proclaimed the five aforementioned principal pillars. In 1919, the Worlds Christian Association was found, and W.Riley agreed to head it. In 1920, the term fundamentalist was first used by Curtis Lee Laws, but the contemporary fundamentalists perceived the term ambivalently, as it sounded like a conceptually new religious movement (http//mb-soft.com/believe/text/fundamen.htm, 1997).Due to the penetration of liberalism into a depend of American churches, fundamentalists began to criticize wide the transformation and peculiar democratization of Baptist and Protestant churches. Furthermore, they rejected and even attempted to curb the contemporary efforts to re-interpret and reformulate the biblical teachings, and were themselves most consistent with the content of the King James Bible, published in 1611(Armstrong , 2001 Appleby et al, 2003).Church struggles occurred in the Methodist Episcopal Church, the Protestant Episcopal Church, and even in the southern Presbyterian Church, but the grand battles were fought in the northern Presbyterian and northern Baptist denominations. Machen was the undisputed leader among Presbyterians, joined by Clarence E.Macartney (mb-soft.com, 1997).Consequently, a number of organizations were created on the basis of the reformed Baptist and Presbyterian churches, which began to utilize the five fundamentals the fundamentalist Fellowship (1921), the National Federation of the fundamentalists of the Northern Baptists (1921) and the Baptist Bible Union (1923).The unions developed their own policies in such issues as ordination of clergy ad education, and a number of particularly enthusiastic preachers denied the importance of literacy and declared Bible as their only reader in the course of training (Armstrong, 2001 mb-soft.com, 1997). Approximately at the same fo urth dimension the fundamentalists began to interfere with the policies of public schools, specifically, with their curricula which included Darwinian evolution as a mandatory subject (Appleby et al, 2003).Since the 1940s, the fundamentalists split into two groups, the first one accepted the term fundamentalism and began to run to some extent separatist policies, whereas the second camp regarded the term as humiliating and positioning the followers of the movement as narrow-minded fanatics. The latter group, as one can understand, wished to expand the influence over Protestant churches and therefore declared their teaching as evangelical. This group soon softened their hard-line Christian belief and gradually accepted the contemporary liberal ideas, expressed by a number of Protestant Church executives.Towards the late 1970s, there was a peak of the fundamentalists popularity, as during Ronald Reagan campaign (Appleby et al , 2003), they were able to find answers to the most troubl emaking issues like economic and social crises (in fact associated with the Vietnam War, but the adepts of the movement manipulated with the yield of the populations moral and optimism and stated the contemporary mentality was erroneous). They identified a new and more pervasive enemy, secular humanism, which they believed was responsible for eroding churches, schools, universities, the government, and above all families.They fought all enemies which they considered to be offspring of secular humanism, evolutionism, political and theological liberalism, loose personal morality, socialism and communism (mb-soft.com, 1997). Thus, they employed the most powerful PR tools to influence public consciousness and arranged a number of protest actions, including the picketing family planning centers, certain education institutions and scientific laboratories in attempt to undermine the repute of the mentioned organizations (Armstrong, 2001).Such religious activists as Jerry Falwell, pat Robe rtson and Hal Lindsey appeared on TV-screens as often as very popular politicians or the president and continued to encourage citizens to react from technological advancements, democratic ideology the most radical fundamentalists even tried to curb immigration and force foreigners of different faith to leave the United States.The Fundamentalist Movement of the 1990s and the new millennium is still strong, but the organization has become much more secluded. Nowadays, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences has launched a new project that encourages scholars in the United States and around the world to study fundamentalism (http//religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/fund.html, 1998). They also theorized the religious doctrine and outlined the its basic characteristics, which include the manifestation of religious truth which must not be secreted, religious idealism as the major aspect of fundamentalist identity and demonization of any movements which diverge from the doctrine.F urthermore, fundamentalists jut out themselves as part of a cosmic struggle they seize on historical moments and reinterpret them in the light of this cosmic struggle they envy modernist cultural hegemony and try to overturn the distribution of power (religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu, 1998). Appleby also discusses the major characteristics of the organized movement and stated and its primary course is the increase of the popularity of Christian religion.Furthermore, the members of the movement are selective and reject specific aspects of technological progress rather then modernity in general the organization itself has an elect or chosen rank sharp group boundaries charismatic authoritarian leaders and mandated behavioral requirement (ibid, 1998). As one can understand, Christian fundamentalism has a lot in commons with Islam and Judaism, especially in terms of the structure of the movement.For instance, both Orthodox Judaist and Islamic fundamentalist movements have the same organizational characteristics and regard themselves as the participants of a cosmic struggle. This trend, however, is not very notable in Judaism, whereas the most hard-line Muslim leaders (of radical organizations like al-Qaeda) wage true war against otherwise-minded, and, similarly to Christian fundamentalists, demonize anyone who dares scrap the teachings from the Holy Scriptures perceived as central. Judaism has always been less radical and its fundamentals are more related to the controversy over the origin of the Torah, which, as most Orthodox Judaists hold, derives actually from deity rather than from humankind (Armstrong, 2001).Judaist Fundamentalism also includes Laws of Rabbinic decree to better enforce Torah law (e.g. the prohibition of alimentation/cooking mixtures of milk and poultry) these laws are held to be created by the rabbis and are divinely inspired (Armstrong, 2001, p. 385) and observes Rabbeinu Gershoms prescriptions concerning the ban on reading letters, ad dressed to another person, the misadventure of divorcing a female without her compliance and the regulation of eating habits.Islamic Fundamentalism refers to Sunni Islam, which recognized the Koran, Haddith and Sunnah and accordingly rejects the Shia laws. Similarly to the Christian Fundamentalism, the corresponding Islamic teaching includes the notion that the problems of the world stem from secular influences. Further, the path to peace and justice lies in a return to the original message of Islam, combined with a scrupulous rejection of innovations (Armstrong, 2001, p. 396).Technological progress is also partially rejected in the Judaist Fundamentalism for instance, the Torah teaches that human face should not touch blade, thats why Orthodox Jews avoid employ razors and wear long beards. On the other hand, the Christian Fundamentalism has one unique feature, Messianism, which is not emphasized in the other two doctrines, as most Judaists do not view Christ as an influential r eligious person, whereas the concept of Gods son is absent is Islam.As one can understand, fundamentalism is to not bad(p) extent synonymous to conservatism. Nevertheless, it is important to remember that the contemporary fundamentalist movement are based not purely upon the religious doctrines, but also on the aspects of PR, promotion and, if necessary, violence and compulsion. Furthermore, all of them enclose considerable restrictions upon human daily activities, in Islam, for instance, practically all daily routines have certain algorithms moreover, all of them challenge humanism and the principles of individual freedom, imposing personal responsibility and accountability to society or community (especially in Judaism) instead.Reference listSullivan Country Resources. (2003). Christian Fundamentalism exposed. visible(prenominal) online at http//www.sullivan-county.com/news/index.htmReligious Movements Homepage. (1998). Fundamentalism. Available online at http//religiousmovemen ts.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/fund.htmlBelieve Web-Resources. (1997). (Christian) Fundamentalism. Available online at http//mb-soft.com/believe/text/fundamen.htmAppleby, R., Almond, G. and Sivan, E. (2003). Strong Religion. Chicago University of Chicago Press.Armstrong, K. (2001). The Battle of God A History of Fundamentalism. New York Ballantine Books.

Analyzing the Formation of Habits Using Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches

The wont to be analyzed is fagot smoke. Around the age of 13 is when I probably had my first cigarette. The clothing developed from a learned carriage from the adults around me and peer press. I can remember many of the adult figures around me, more(prenominal) so the adult males, smoked cigarettes, and cigars. At the time when I was a girl there was non an age limit on buying cigarettes. My father, who ran his body and fender shop out the garage in the suffer yard would send me and my siblings to the corner do drugsstore to buy his KOOL cigarettes. The seventh grade is when the peer pressure began.I remember sneaking the KOOL cigarettes out of my fathers pack and smoking on the way to shoal with friends. Smoking did not become a habit then. I had older sisters and always wanted to succeed them. So once I was in high school they let me hang out with them. I smoked to pre move I was as grown as they were. It still had not become a habit. After high school about the age of 19 is when it became a habit. I moved past from home and wanted to do the things that grown-ups do. Because smoking has formed into a habit my body craved the nicotine and this is what federal official the habit and caused it to continue.The habit continued until my 29th year when I became pregnant with my daughter. The smoking probably would father continued finished pregnancy, but it made me sick. The smoking resumed after birth for the next 15 age. During the full stop after birth I tried to stop smoking once or twice unsuccessfully, win over myself that I enjoyed smoking and was not ready to quit. It was the nicotine addiction talking to me. Most of my friends smoke and it was something we did together When analyze this habit to the behavioral personality theory, it crystalizes complete sense.The behavioral personality theory only deals with externally apparent things. This habit came about from watching and observing others. Trying to do as others to fit in or be someo ne different than who I was at the time, not knowing how addicting this habit could be. As a person gets older the body does not allow one to continue the habits that started in their younger years without consequences. The effects of aging start taking over. Because of operant instruct this habit had to be change. The effect of smoking in people with diabetes cause a high cardiovascular risk, Diabeticnephropathy which causes kidney disease, high blood pressure, and genetic predisposition. every visit to the doctor reminded me of the consequences of smoking. Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through these rewards and punishments, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior (Kendra Cherry, 2013). This conditioning caused me to quit this habit. First I had to make the conscience decision that this was going to be the end of smokin g.The design was to quit smoking cold turkey I did not want to substitute one drug to give up another. I no longer allowed myself to buy cigarettes. If I had the urge to smoke a cigarette, I would get one from someone else, preferably non-menthol or not my brand so it would not be satisfying. All money that was to be spent on cigarettes went into a savings account. After half-dozen months I had a savings of $360. 00. This is where the operant conditions plays a part, that was a great reward. This was a hard habit to change but not as hard as I thought it would be.Like any habit or addiction I mean the person has to want to make the change. People who relapse make the conscience decision to continue the habit. Social cognitive theory (SCT) refers to a psychological model of behavior that started primarily from the work of Albert Bandura (1977 1986). It was first developed with an emphasis on the cognitive process or acquiring knowledge of social behaviors, social cognitive theory continues to single out that learning happens in a social setting and that much of what is learned is acquired through watching others (The Gale Group, 2013).Cognitive-behavioral theory (CBT) refers to the basic principle that a persons perceptions play a substantial and important role in the development and upkeep of emotional and behavioral responses to life situations. In CBT models, cognitive processes, in the form of meanings, judgments, appraisals, and assumptions associated with specific life events, are the uncomplicated determinants of ones feelings and actions in response to life events and thus either enable or perceptiveness back the process of adaptation (A. Antonio Gonzalez-Prendes and Stella M.Resko, 2013)After understanding both the social and behavioral cognitive theories, I believe the cognitive-behavioral theory has the most influence in the makeup of my personality. The cognitive behavioral theory comes into play when I am trying to reach self-actualization mo tives as described in Maslows hierarchy of needs. I tend to react on feelings in most situations, which will either enable or hold back the process of adaptation. In conclusion, I am finding that studying the different theories of behavior is giving me a better understanding of the way people act and think. This hase been a very informative class.

Cost Allocation

personify allocation for in carry on bells toll Pool Set of be that atomic number 18 added together earlier being allocated to apostrophize objects on some common basis Cost Driver/ Allocation strand Cost Object Cost Driver Rate = make out Costs in Pool/ prize Quantity of Driver Where amount quantity of device enumerate one wood = practical capacity of device driver Cost of redundant capacity = Cost Driver Rate * Excess capacity Predetermined knock charge per unit exist per unit of the allocation base procedured to charge command processing budget items to products. Predetermined knock rate=Estimated overhead/Estimated allocation base One- deliver allocation dodging adept cost pond Entire manufacturing overhead * Single allocation base / cost driver-Direct materials cost/ Direct labor hours/ Direct labor cost/ apparatus hours/ etc. * Predetermined Overhead Rate or bear down rate = come up manufacturing overhead / X * Where X = join Direct materials cost or Total Direct labor hours or Total Direct labor cost or Total form hours used * Total product be of A = Direct materials cost + Direct labor cost + allocated overhead cost where allocated overhead = Burden rate * of machine hours used by ADisadvantage Assumes that all products consume reckon labor (or other driver) and overhead in the same proportion. Two-stage allocation system and Product Costing Overhead cost ar shared into different cost pools. Each cost pool has a cost driver (allocation base). * Split manufacturing overhead into more than one cost pool (e. g. create 2 cost pools whose be add up to total manufacturing overhead cost) * Calculate burden rate Cost pools Cost DriversOverhead related to to bring materials Direct materials Cost Overhead related to localize labor hours Direct labor hours Overhead related to direct labor cost Direct labor cost Overhead related to machine-hours Machine hours prefer * Provides most accurate cost information * Cost system ca ptures differences in the way overhead is consumed in different parts of the production process Disadvantage * Cost of the system redesign may be high. The selection of an optimal cost system is based on trade-offs between increased accuracy and the cost of system redesign.Predetermined Overhead Rate or Burden rate = Overhead cost related to direct materials/ Total Direct materials cost OR Overhead cost related to direct labor hours/ Total Direct labor hours OR Overhead cost related to direct labor cost/ Total Direct labor cost OR Overhead cost related to machine hours/ Total machine hours used Total product costs of A = Direct materials cost + Direct labor cost + allocated overhead cost where allocated overhead = Burden rate per machine hour * of machine hours used by A + Burden rate per direct labor $ * direct labor cost of ADepartmental overhead rate Rates based on a segments direct and indirect overhead costs and some measure of the departments activity, such as the departmen ts machine hours. Departmental rates are more accurate than plant-wide rates when a company manufactures diverse products requiring a variety of processes. Allocate overhead on a plantwide basis utilise machine hours Burden rate per machine hour = total overhead costs of all departments/ total machine hours used by all departmentsAllocate overhead using department rate with machine hours as the allocation base Burden rate per machine hour = Overhead costs of a department/ Machine hours used by that department Activity Based Costing 1. Identify activities, and identify overhead costs for each activity 2. Identify the cost drivers for each activity 3. Compute cost driver rates (cost per driver unit)= activity overhead cost/ total driver volume 4. Allocate costs to cost objects Overhead costs allocated to A = cost driver 1 rate * cost driver 1 volume for A + cost driver 2 rate * cost driver 2 volume for AABC Costs and Benefits Costs are very high if You have a large number of activ ities, none of which dominate You do not know/understand your activities Your activities are changing quickly and dramatically You do not have any sort of ERP system in place Benefit * detailed Cost break-down at activity level disregard manage costs at activity level, or charge customers for their activity use * More accurate information * Flexibility in Choice of Cost objects * Flexibility in Types of Companies/Organizations this works for such as Product companies, Services, Non- lucreSymptoms of faulty invoice system The payoff of bids is difficult to explain Customers do not complain about price increases Competitors prices appear unrealistically junior-grade Profit margins are hard to explain Products those are difficult to produce show high profits Operational mgrs want to drop products that appear profitable Some departments are using their own accounting system The accounting department spends a lot of time on special projects Product costs change because o f changes in financial reporting RegulationsCommon Cost Allocation Systems Plantwide/Company-wide Cost System (Peanut-Butter) Typically 1 cost pool burden rate based on 1 cost driver (1 stage) Department Allocation Method Typically 1 cost pool per department cost driver for each department (testing rooms in Seligram) 2-stage Cost System with Logical Cost Pools Typically at least 1 cost pool per department, exclusively might split more carefully (For example, what if Seligrams electronic and mechanical testing had all been in 1 room? ) Direct cost can be directly traced to specific cost objects, in an economically feasible way. Example direct materials, direct labor, etc. * One-stage costing system (Peanut butter) pool all indirect costs together, use a single cost driver. inaccurate. * The Seligram case in the original costing system, burden was grouped into a single cost pool, they use a single cost driver testing and applied science labor dollars * Two-stage costing system first stage, costs are traced/allocated to cost pools (at least two).Second stage, costs are allocated from cost pools to cost objects using cost drivers. * The more cost pools, the more accurate your cost numbers, but the more costly to track. * The Seligram case the costing system proposed by the accounting managers is a two-stage system. * stage 1 burden is traced to two pools (1) burden related to admin and technical functions (2) all other burden costs * Stage 2 pool 1 will be charged on a rate per direct labor dollar. Pool 2 would be charged based on machine hours. Sometimes firms are already using two-stage costing, but they need to add freshly cost pools. * Add a new category * Divide current pool into subcategories * The formula for cost driver rates total costs in pool / total quantity of driver * Activity-Based Costing system 1 cost pool for each major activity performed in the company. * Idea is that resource usage is homogeneous within each activity, so the allocation is more accurate. * Disadvantage of ABC system costly. * When NOT to use ABC system when activities change quickly, when there is no ERP system in place

Conselling in Schools Essay

A critical examination of mortal Centred Counselling and cognitive behaviour Therapy utilize to a secondary prep ar place setting. This piece of course entrust aim to also consider how aspects of these two approaches of direction could be applied to get pupils during their journey through adolescence as well as secondary fostering. The role of the studyer is 1 that is precise complicated. Often the psyche who stands before a class of civilizechilds must wear many contrasting hats if they atomic number 18 to be watched as a good teacher. OfSTED have tried numerous durations over the last two decades to describe what an kayoedstanding teacher is.These judgements have often been based on an extempore visit to a condition once e very(prenominal) three to vanadium years where they visit a teacher for up to 20 minutes. Although the inspection criteria have changed somewhat since its initial implementation, it still remains, in my inspect as a teacher, very staged . In a review of Counselling in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, William Baginsky comments in retrospect that the Education Re skeletal frame Act 1988, has conduceed in teachers and pupils creation valued in terms of accomplishment indicators and a move a flair from a concern with pupils personal and social development.Robson et al. (1999), Teachers argon acutely mindful of the emphasis on the academic side of the curriculum-their ( schoolchilds) whole life looks to be pressure, course work, test, homework. McLaughlin (1999) The role of the teacher often extends beyond lesson observation criteria where they rat be labelled 1 of four levels. What OfSTED argon unable to measure in a quantifiable manner is the complex relationship betwixt the member of mental faculty and the students. Often in my practice I wondered how comply some teachers were just better at unconditional a class or they seemed more liked by the students.I would listen in astonishment in the staffro om how some teachers had a wonderful working and purposeful relation with some students yet I had very little success with them. Having reflected on these stories I found a similar pattern. These teachers were displaying counselor-at-law skills that allowed them to framing up a trust and to a lower placestanding with the students. What I was non sure of was whether they were using these skills naturally or if they had develop them.I have a tenet that with time teachers do develop sound counselling skills in army to relief the students they work with. In the writing by McLaughlin (2007) her literature review discusses testify to suggest that that all teachers should have first-level counselling skills, i. e. should be able to listen to pupils and to react to and respond in the emotional domain (Lang, 1993 Hamblin, 1978). Others would suggest that teachers sometimes use the word counselling to encompass activities that employmental guidances would certainly not consider to be counselling at all.These include c atomic number 18ers interviews, ad hoc advice, and crisis conversations in the corridor (Mosley, 1993) The purpose of this paper is to consider two types of counselling approaches and consider how elements of these approaches could be developed in my role as a secondary school teacher. To Carl Rogers counselling is about a special relationship that is established betwixt the guidance and the leaf node- where two people sitting in the same room, the client struggling to be himself.Rogers C (1942) Rogers consequently goes on to suggest that counselling is about the intricate, delicate web of growth which is taking place with the ontogeny of a self, person. This idea of growth and actualisation was based on the humanistic approach of Maslow who is known for his hierarchy of needs. The Actualising Tendency complements Maslows hierarchy of needs by attempting to explain the motivation behind a persons desire to better their self.Rogers stated that the person-centred approach is built on a sanctioned trust in the person (It) depends on the actualizing aim present in every living organisms intention to grow, to develop, to realize its teeming potential. (Rogers, 1986) Rogers strong belief in the actualising tendency is evident in client-centred therapy, where the client is liberate to choose any directions, exclusively actually selects cocksure and constructive path ways. This stick out only be explained in terms of a directional tendency inherent in the human organism-a tendency to grow, to develop, to realize its full potential.(Rogers, 1986) The aim of the Person Centred Therapy approach it place be walld is to create the right conditions for someone to feel actualised during therapy. in that location is a parallel between the work of the therapist in such(prenominal) a condition and the classrooms within which teachers operate. Education aims to develop the skills of the students in order for them to be ab le to fulfil their ambitions, or to streng accordingly this actualising tendency which conks within every child. As many of my colleagues will agree, the desire to self-actualise is stronger in some children than others.As a result of certain episodes in their personal lives some students become more engaged with command firearm others seem to become less engaged the older they get. This phenomenon can be in part explained by the Rogers explanation of Conditions of Worth. This is when a person alters their true self in order to receive positive regard from others. According to Rogers in order to become a fully functioning person we need to understand unconditional positive regard feeling loved and worthy no matter what.Conditions of worth are the requirements set forth by parents or significant others for earning their positive regard (love). A person that has receive unconditional positive regard is confident in his/her value and can live a sinewy existence. Throughout schoo l and students are unendingly victims of what teachers create as conditions of worth. As a teacher I am guilty of creating such an environment. Education seems to only be concerned with the high achievers. This is intelligibly seen in the standardised measure of success for schools which is the A*-C headline figure.For those students who do not fall in this square bracket their self-esteem takes an irreparable dent. The worry is that these students have spent the whole of the secondary cultivation in a state of anxiety. Unable to seek help or reassurances that the imposed condition of worth by the education system is not a true reflection of their inner self and they have become disengaged with education. The turn a profits of schooling can be surprisingly long lasting. It is crucial to appreciate that these long-term benefits rely on some(prenominal) effects on cognitive per take a hopance and effects of self-esteem and self-efficacy.School experiences of both academic and non -academic kinds can have a protective effect for children under stress and living otherwise un recognize lives. Schools are about social experiences as well as scholastic learning. Rutter (1991) As a teacher I faced an inner conflict when dealing with students who I knew were disengaged. I wanted to reflect an Unconditional compulsive Regard for the student allowing myself to positively regard the individual (though not necessarily the individuals behaviours) unconditionally, plainly I was governed by the culture of the school and the education system.I was forced to sanction one student for the wrong behaviour and reward another for the correct behaviour thus doing a disservice to both students. For one student I was reinforcing a condition of worth which alters the true self in order to receive positive regard from the teacher, while for the other student I was further disengaging them by okay their behaviour sooner than having the time to fully discuss and support them to be tter themselves and as a by-product their behaviour also. Often as a teacher when dealing with students I would often offer the hazard for them to make their own choices.This was particularly evident during option evenings where students would be accompanied by their parents. It is a honey oil theme amongst these events that majority of the time the parents and the students do not always agree on what subjects to choose, or the student chooses a subject which they have been unknowingly pressured into by wanting to please their parents to fulfil a condition of worth. As Rogers would suggest the external pressure on the person is overbearing on their inner trust to do what they want.This phenomenon Rogers explained through the Locus of Evaluation. Some students with a strong internal locale of evaluation would be confident in choosing the subject that they truly wanted to choose. Often t I observed that students would prefer creative subjects such as Art, Music or Drama. The pare nts would suggest otherwise opting for what they snarl was more appropriate disregarding what the student truly wanted to do. For those students with a strong external locus of evaluation they would succumb to the pressures by those they wanted to please the most, their parents.As an adolescent undertaking the transition from childishness towards bighood, it can be one of discovery. These discoveries are not always pleasant or hard to come to terms with. The fully functioning person is one who has achieved openness to feelings and experiences and has learned to trust inner urges and intuitions Rogers (1961). instruction to trust these inner feelings is difficult at such a boylike age. Indeed I would argue adults would struggle with such a concept. According to Rogers, experiences that match the self-image are symbolised (admitted to consciousness) and contribute to gradual changes in the self. cultivation or feelings inconsistent with the self-image are said to be incongruent. For example it would be incongruent for a student to think of themselves as good at Art when all of their class colleagues keep telling them how woeful their work is. Such experiences which are seriously incongruent with the self-image can be threatening. By denying these experiences it prevents the young adult from changing and creates a gap between their inner self image and reality. As a result the incongruent person becomes confused, vulnerable and dissatisfied.The complex social interaction between students during the school twenty-four hour period can have a lasting effect on life and academic success. Some students would greatly benefit from support with dealing with the anxieties and pressures of the school day. Counselling into schools is not a new phenomenon. In the review by William Baginsky (2007) he suggested that in 1963 the youthfulsom Report, looking at education for children in the lower streams of secondary schools, recommended the appointment of school counsell ors.In the same year, the National Association for Mental Health held a seminar at which the relationship between schools and counselling was discussed (King, 1999). There followed, from 1965, the establishment of courses at the Universities of Keele and Reading to train people with a minimum of five years teaching experience to be school counsellors (Bor et al. , 2002). Such initiatives are very commendable but the person centred counselling approach requires the client to want to change. The client has to want to come for counselling in order to face their anxieties and in that respectin enter the Core Conditions as Rogers explains. learners cannot be forced into counselling in mainstream education. But for some it seems that they would value someone who is prepared to engage with them under the Core Conditions. The following summons is taken directly from a account in a secondary school which demonstrates the need for Person Centred Approach and how suitable it is in this cont ext. pupils did want to talk about problems at home but they had no real expectations of staff being able to solve them. On the whole they just needed to seam them. (McLaughlin et al. , 1995).In afore mentioned review by William Baginsky his review suggests that Rogers Person Centred Model easily lends itself perfectly to the school context be evidence of its understanding of conflict between the real self and the self-concept and the positive experiences provided for clients through empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard. This was also the approach adopted by school counsellors of the 1960s and 1970s (McLaughlin, 1999) If teachers were to truly brood the fundamentals of PCT they would have to face a crisis of their own.A helper who engages with a client under the core conditions of PCT are expected to remain completely impartial. By this I mean that they must not guide the client towards what they feel is the right route. For example when dealing with poor behavio ur thither should be respect and no judgment, however bad the behaviour, thus separating the person from the bad behaviour Gatongi (2007). potentially this could lead to a situation where bad behaviour is not sanctioned and consequently send out wrong signals to other students. Not to mention parents and local authorities. It is also interesting to mention Rogers view on education.Rogers applied some of the experiences he learned from his work with adults to form a view on the way education should be practised. His humanistic views on education claimed that a person cannot teach another person directly a person can only facilitate anothers learning (Rogers, 1951). This is a result of Rogers work on Personality Theory. This states that we as human beings exist in a ceaselessly changing world of experience where we are at the centre. Rogers intendd that what the student does is more important than what the teacher does, convey that the individual experiences of the learner is essen tial to what is learned.The instructor should be open to learning from the students and also working to touch the students to the subject matter. Frequent interaction with the students will help achieve this goal. The instructors acceptance of being a mentor who guides rather than the expert who tells is instrumental to student-centred, nonthreatening, and unforced learning. (Rogers 1951). Reflecting on these paragraphs remind me that these are the terra starchya why I initially entered into this profession. I value above all else the relationship between myself as the teacher and the student.In a very similar way in which the relationship between the client and person centred therapist is so crucial to the wellbeing of the client and valued above all else by the therapist. In a dialogue by Haugh and Paul it is discussed that it is accepted beyond doubt that the therapeutic conditions developed by Rogers are important factors in the success of all approaches. Furthermore it is su ggested that client motivation is a much more significant predictor of outcome than therapist attitude or use of methods, make (2008).For some clients they feel that the work by Rogers does not offer them the ability to measure progress in terms of their wellbeing or ability to change their behaviour. Cognitive-behavioural therapies for works in schools because its theoretical underpinning and therapeutic march are consistent with what pupils are already familiar with in school in approaches to the handling of ideas and study, Platts and Williamson (2000) Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) is derived from Aaron Becks cognitive vex in 1976. This work has been developed to cater for many variant situations and conditions.It is the most widely used method of counselling therapy in the National Health Service. According to the magnificent College of Psychiatrists (RCP) CBT can help how an individual thinks (cognitive) and what they do (behaviour). Unlike Psychodynamic counselling th erapy which focusses on causes of distress in the past, it searches for ways to improve the clients state of mind in the present moment. CBT circles around what is described by the RCP as a vicious circle of four elements. The first of these elements is the situation.For some people a simple encounter in a street can trigger off Automatic Negative Thoughts. This leads to the person feeling low, condemnable and rejected. These feelings can then be manifested through physical pain such as stomach cramps. The last-place element is the action which is the person becoming more withdrawn and avoiding situations similar to the trigger incident. For some this simplified sequence can lead to depression. Aaron Beck recognised this pattern of events in his studies concerned with depression. Becks work claims that emotions are not produced by events but rather by interpretation of events.Through the interpretation of these events our minds begin to ca-ca up beliefs about ourselves. Beck fou nd that depressed patients tended to avoid the situations that involved rejection or disapproval Squires (2001). For students this could mean truanting or the avoidance of school altogether. The beliefs that an individual then builds up about themselves can direct behaviour. It can cause an individual to enter an unconditional state of mind where they think of themselves as worthless. This can lead to medical exam implications which are manifested both physically and mentally.For many school children they are conditioned by culture and the education system that I must do well in everything I do, otherwise I will be a failure. This perception is one that I have witnessed first-hand on the numerous results day with which I have been involved. The tears and anxiety that was evident across the faces of these young adults was in essence my doing as a teacher. I had unwillingly conditioned them to value results above all else and for those who did not achieve I also set them up for a sit uation where they have to face their academic shortcomings.This situation can be described as a critical incident and is said to activate a nonadaptive belief which then produces forbid automatic thoughts. The young adults are then left feeling I am a failure, theres no point doing anything This attitude occurs in every lesson. Students often lack the resolve to improve their own learning is not down to them not wanting to learn but more the affright of failure and the situation where their own dysfunctional beliefs produces negative thoughts.The frustration of these students is then exhibited through poor behaviour. Research indicates that CBT can be applied to students for whom behaviour is regarded an issue. wizard of the main strength of CBT is that it is very much lead by the therapist. There is a strict time limit where there are outcomes to be achieved and targets to be met before the next session. This is different to the therapy offered by the work of Carl Rogers which has also been identified as successful in a school context Baginsky (2004).Goals are clearly specified, decisions are made on how to best meet those goals and how to measure progress towards the goals to provide feedback Squires (2001). This approach is serious to school as it allows them to measure progress of the students. The progress can be measured through the heart of behaviour referrals one student may face throughout the school day. Bush (1996) suggests that CBT works because it sticks to the point, it is integrated and it is focused. The main advantage of CBT is its adaptability to a number of situations.In schools its use is not only concerned with dealing or supporting poor behaviour of students. As the education system is resistant to migrate from the frozen examination process, I believe that CBT would be very useful in helping students to deal with the anxieties and pressures of exams. In such an instance it could be argued that the aim of CBT is to help the child to identify possible cognitive deficits and distortions, to reality-test them, and then to teach new skills or challenge irrational thoughts and beliefs, and replace them with more rational thinking (Kendall 1990).The CBT model is particularly useful as it involves the young adult to (a) Recognise anxious feelings and bodily reactions to anxiety, (b) it helps to clarify thoughts or the mental process in anxiety provoking situations, (c) it allows the young adult to develop coping skills such as modifying self-anxious talk into coping self-talk (d) it allows to evaluate outcomes. The training methods involve realistic role plays where the client and counsellor are able to model actual life situations.The behavioural treatment is based upon the belief that fear and anxiety are learnt responses, that have been conditioned, and thus these can be unlearned. CBT has been particularly helpful in helping students to deal with their own behaviour. Teachers would argue that there may be the link (although a weak one) between poor student behaviour and teacher wellbeing Hastings and Bham (2003). As a result school resources are often implemented to correct poor behaviour. There is also numerous inquiry to apologize that poor behaviour effects overall academic achievement.Poor academic performance is related to the onset, frequency, persistence, and earnestness of delinquent offending in both boys and girls. Higher academic performance, conversely, is associated with refraining or desisting from offending (Maguin & Loeber, 1996). In one study by squires he states that CBT can be used to support students with behavioural problems. In this research he concluded that with a six hour period of CBT counselling there had been improvements in the student behaviour.The students selected portrayed the necessary anxieties that would benefit from a period of CBT. Although this study is not conclusive it does support the belief that CBT can be used to improve self-control for stud ents with behavioural difficulties. One particular quote from the study I believe demonstrates the benefit of CBT counselling I am able to talk about my feelings. This for the student was a sign of real progress, which is one of the main advantages of CBT. Despite such quotes out of the 23 students that embarked on the counselling six did not complete the full sessions.This demonstrates that for some CBT is not their preferred type of counselling so its not a case of one method suits all. It is worth noting that these students were selected by their teachers rather than volunteering. Overall it can be argued that the research was successful in demonstrating that counselling can have a positive impact on student behaviour. I am certain that if more of the students that I worked with had the admittance to counselling or the prospect to chat to members of staff then they may have had more rewarding experience of school.I am not suggesting that staff did not offer their support when s tudents came knocking on the classroom door, but rather that they were not encouraged to do so. Teacher training I believe is in part to blame for this culture. As teachers we have been trained to teach in a very prescriptive manner focusing on the final products which in all cases are exam results. In order to achieve these exam results and avoid any external pressures and inquisitions we develop a routine of lessons which are planned to endure the students is prepared to achieve a target grade in that particular subject.Students are supported in school in order to achieve this singular objective. As a form tutor I valued the pastoral support that I was able to offer to my students. I thusly loved this role enormously as it was a rare probability to talk to students about what they wanted and not about what I had to cover in my syllabus. In a very cynic viewpoint, I believe that pastoral support was provided in order to support students to pass their exams and secondly to help wi th the day to day school life.It has been suggested that the psychological climate of many schools is now more akin to frightened organisations. These organisations live in fear of public punishment which stifles risk-taking despite hard work and the introduction of new initiatives. Watkins (1999) I am aware that for some students Person Centred Therapy may not work while for others they may be more responsive to Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. I am confident that counselling has a very important role to play in education.There have been many models of counselling implemented in schools over the last half century. Twelve different models of counselling service provision are mentioned in a review commissioned by the Welsh Assembly pigeonholing when reviewing counselling into schools. Of the twelve mentioned I am familiar with three of the models mentioned. The school where I was employed had access to the services provided by the churl and Adolescent Mental Health Services. Their supp ort was mainly accessed primarily through referrals from the school although the procedures were not always clear.Form tutors would not always be informed of tutees who would be working with the CAMHS group. Multi agency teams similar to the Behaviour and Education Support Teams also operated in conjunction with the local authority but it was again undecipherable how a child was referred to these sorts of support schemes. Although the school nurses made themselves known to the students counselling was not always a service that they readily advertised. This lack of cognizance of counselling opportunities in my previous school does not seem to be an isolated incident.Indeed this is a recurring pattern, possibly explained by the findings of Welsh Assembly throng Review. During their research it became apparent that some school offered very little in terms of counselling. In rather a number of cases the counselling was covered by teaching staff or an external agency. Of the recommen dations offered by the review the following statement is one that I can draw comparisons with from my previous experience. The lack of awareness on behalf of the teaching staff and also students made counselling almost a forgotten form of support.Information about services must be readily available and informative, and referral systems must be developed that ensure the service is easily accessible to potential clients and their referrers. A school ethos in which counselling is understand as a professional activity and which regards counselling as an important part of its student support services is essential As a teacher I value above all else the support that I am able to offer the student. Having embarked on this particular module I discovered that my profession required for me to display counselling skills.These were taken for granted that if I was to work with children that I should somehow cause these skills. These personal feelings were echoed before I embarked on my PGCE by researcher where it was claimed that in recent years there has been more concern in schools about cognitive, rather than psychosocial, development Lloyd (1999), I am a firm believer that skills can be taught and I begin to question why I was neer offered the opportunity to develop counselling skills during my PGCE or further in my career in CPD sessions.The Welsh Assembly Group allude to budgets and lack of finance as a possible reason as to why these opportunities were never offered in schools. Budget allocations are the responsibility of the headmasters and above all else what they are most concerned with are grades. In the meantime all I can offer a student is guidance and an opportunity to listen to them and to not hijack the conversation or steer it away from their chosen topic. So therefore it would be foolish of me to expect sudden changes once I return to secondary teaching. Indeed I do not expect to see school counsellors in whichever school I will teach in.As with many e ducation innovations it seems that there are pioneers full of good intention but lack the support and strategies to get them to the Promised Land Robinson (1995) References Baginsky, M. (2004). Peer support expectations and realities. Pastoral armorial bearing in Education, 22 1 3-9. Baginsky, W. (2004) School Counselling in England, Wales and Northern Ireland A Review NSPCC Information Briefings Beck, A. T. (1976) Cognitive Therapy and Emotional Disorders. New York New American Library Bor R. , Ebner-Landy J. , Gill S and Brace C (2002) Counselling in schools.capital of the United Kingdom Sage Publications. Bush, J. W. (1996). CBTThe Therapy Most Likely to Reward Your Hopes for a Better Life http//www. cognitivetherapy. com/ last accessed 21. 02. 2012 Cooper M, (2008) requisite research findings in counselling and psychotherapy The facts are friendly. London Sage. 2008 307-390 Gatongi. F(2007) Person-centred approach in schools Is it the answer to lush behaviour in our classro oms? Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 202,pp 205-211 Hamblin D (1974) The teacher and counselling. Oxford Blackwell. Hastings, R. , P.& Bham M, (2003) The Relationship between Student Behaviour Patterns and Teacher Burnout School Psychology International 2003 241pp 115-126 Kendall P, C. , (1996) Long-term follow -up of a cognitive-behavioural therapy for anxiety-disordered youth. diary of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 647 pp2430 King G (1999) Counselling skills for teachers talking matters. Buckingham indeterminate University Press. Lang P (1999) Counselling, counselling skills and encouraging pupils to talk clarifying and addressing confusion. British Journal of guidance and Counselling 271 pp 23-33.Lloyd G (1999) Ethical and supervision issues in the use of counselling and other helping skills with children and young people in school. Pastoral Care September 1999 Maguin, E. , & Loeber, R. (1996). Academic performance and delinquency. In M. Tonry (Ed. ), Crime and umpire A review of research (Vol. 20, pp. 145-264). Chicago University of Chicago Press. Marsick, J. , V. ,Watkins, E. , K. , (1999) Looking again at learning in the learning organization a tool that can turn into a weapon , The Learning Organisation, 6 5, pp. 207 211 McLaughlin, C (1999) Counselling in schools looking back and looking forward.British Journal of Counselling and Guidance 271 pp 13-22. Mosley, J (1993) Is there a place for counselling in schools? Counselling may 1993 pp 104-105. Platts J and Williamson Y (2000) The use of cognitive-behavioural therapy for counselling in schools. In N Barwick Clinical counselling in schools. London Routledge. Robinson B D (1996) School counsellors in England and Wales, 1965-1995 a flawed innovation? Pastoral Care in Education 143 pp 12-19. Robson M, Cohen N and McGuiness J (1999) Counselling, careers education and pastoral care beyond the National Curriculum.British Journal of Guidance and Counselling 271 pp 5-11. Rogers, C. (1942). Counsel ing and psychotherapy. capital of Massachusetts, MA, Houghton Mifflin Rogers, C. (1951). Client Centred Therapy. Boston Houghton Mifflin Rogers, C (1961) On becoming a person. Boston Houghton Mifflin. Squires G (2001) Using cognitive behavioural psychology with groups of pupils to improve self-control of behaviour. Educational Psychology in Practice 174 pp 317-327. Trower, P. Casey, A. Dryden, W. (1999) Cognitive-Behavioural Counselling in Action. London Sage.