Acting essays

Acting essays Perhaps one of the most thought of questions that goes through ones head in a lifetime may be what drives a person to become an actor. Well, it could be imagination, a love, or just desire to stand out. When one desires to stand out they usually want to be in the light, and the stage is a great place to start. Being on stage for the first time is scary and yet exciting. Once a person has experienced this they most often want more. Usually a person of this stature was always entertaining or performing for friends and family member, thy have humor and it is most likely well developed and focused. Through their childhood they force themselves to be noticed. They love to be in the light. Love, just love for the art can make a person act. The people who love the art are usually the ones who care and understand it the most. Perhaps they can be considered the scarifiers, the one who will do anything to make the audience laugh, cry, and giggle, feel solemn, angry, and happiness. Their love for acting make them who they are and they dont even have to try. The ones who love acting become their character in a performance. Becoming a character is tough, except for those with excellent imaginations. Usually become actors because it comes easy to them, of course, their feet must get wet into acting for them to even begin to see their hidden talent. Once in a theatre, imaginers, if you will, are character in actors shoes, instead of actors in characters shoes. They have high concentration that is not easy to break. In fact, most usually become their character a week or so before a play. As one can see, these tree examples are just a few reasons why people become actors or actresses. Im sure one could easily choose which example they fall into. ...

Comparison of electric and gas

Comparison of electric and gas Introduction The auto industry has been undergoing changes since the first car was invented in 1871. Most of these changes are designed to help improve the efficiency and comfort of cars. Because of the increasing cost of gasoline and diesel, most of the latest developments in the performance of cars have been directed at the creation of alternative forms of power for the machines.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of electric and gas-powered vehicles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These investigative and development processes have led to the emergence of electric cars as possible replacements of gasoline/diesel-powered cars. This essay seeks to offer a comparison of electric and traditional fuel cars. To this end, the initial part of the paper shall dwell on the similarities and differences of the two types of cars. Afterwards, the merits and demerits of each of the two systems shall be provided before a conclusion is drawn regarding which of the two systems is better in terms of efficiency and convenience. Similarities and differences between electric and gas cars Electric cars and traditional gas-powered vehicles look similar from the outside. They generally have similar wind-resisting shapes and share common features such as side-mirrors and indication systems. Their interiors are also generally similar, each being equipped with a steering wheel, driving pedals and regular car seats. However, this is where the similarity stops. When one moves to the engine system, the first revelation is that electric cars only have one moving part-the motor [1]. The motor is powered by a fitted rechargeable battery pack and it propels the drive train causing the car to move. Gasoline cars, on the other hand, are powered by internal combustion engines, which derive power from the combustion of gasoline/diesel. Unlike electric cars which come with a huge battery pack, gas-powered cars have a fuel tank, which mostly goes under the car, behind the back seat. The internal combustion engines also require some electric power to start hence the reason why the cars using these systems are fitted with small batteries connected to spark plugs and whose intention is to ignite the fuel. Their engines are very complicated and have hundreds of moving parts, starting from the pistons to other minute rotator valves regulating the inflow of fuel into the engine.Advertising Looking for essay on land transport? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gas-powered engines release emissions, which are let out to the air through an exhaust/tail pipe. In contrast, electric cars do not release any emissions, and are, therefore, not fitted with tail pipes. On the body of the vehicle, electric vehicles are fitted with a recharge socket, into which fits a special electric plug. Gas-powered cars have a pipe that connects to the tank with an ope ning fitted on the body of the vehicle for easy access. Pros of electric vehicles/ cons of internal combustion engines Electric cars have a number of advantages over traditional internal combustion engines [2]. Top on the list is the fact that these vehicles are very energy efficient. Electric vehicles convert approximately 60 percent of the energy stored in the battery packs to power that runs the wheels. Petrol-powered cars only convert approximately 20 percent of the energy contained in the fuel to energy driving the wheels. Another advantage that electric cars have over internal combustion engines is that they are very environmentally friendly. Electric vehicles do not emit any gaseous discharges like those powered by traditional. If the power used to charge them is obtained from power plants run by wind, solar and water, the entire process from power-generation to usage in driving is 100 percent clean [3]. Electric vehicles are also better in performance than those powered by i nternal combustion engines. The cars powered by electricity run quietly and have a better and stronger acceleration rate than those that run on petrol and diesel. They (electric cars) are also cheaper to maintain because they have very few moveable parts. Finally, electric vehicles contribute greatly to a reduction in energy dependence. For many years, car users have had to depend on a limited number of sources of energy to power their engines. This has had the drawback of paralyzing the transport industry once the supply of oil goes down. The entry of electric powered vehicles comes in to bridge this gap making socio-economic systems run efficiently. Pros of internal combustion engines/ cons of electric vehicles Internal combustion engines also have some significant advantages over electric vehicles. Top on the list is the fact that gasoline/diesel powered engines have a long driving range. A traditional vehicle once filled up with fuel can travel over 300 miles before the need to refuel. Electric vehicles when fully charged can only drive for anything between 100 and 200 miles before they are recharged [1]. This makes the internal combustion engines safer to use when going for long-distance journeys and more so in remote areas where there is an irregular penetration of electricity supply. The second advantage that tradition cars have over electric vehicles is that the recharge time for the latter is very long. Normally, it takes anything between four and eight hours to fully recharge the battery pack of an electric car.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of electric and gas-powered vehicles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even an average quick charge, which fills up 80% of the battery pack, takes at least 30 minutes [3]. In contrast, it takes less than five minutes (depending on the capacity) to fill up a car with petrol or diesel. The battery packs that supply the driving power for electric cars require a considerable amount of space in the vehicle and are generally quite heavy. This causes the vehicle to dedicate a considerable percentage of the generated energy to the battery weight. The batteries also need to be replaced after periods of use. Unfortunately, these batteries do not come cheap. In addition, finding a replacement can be a challenge especially in countries where the use of electric vehicles has not been well embraced. Summary and Conclusion This essay had set out to offer a comparative analysis of electric vehicles and traditional gas-powered cars. A list of similarities and differences was offered before the discussion delved into the strengths and weaknesses of each of the two types of vehicles. It has been shown that the two types of cars have similar body and cabin designs. However, their differences come in their engines and associated features such as battery packs and fuel tanks. Electric cars have also been indicated to be more efficien t and cheaper to maintain than traditional petrol/diesel powered cars. The traditional vehicles have the advantage of going long distances without the need to refill and take a short time to fill up. In conclusion, it should be noted that even though electric vehicles appear to have more strengths than traditional vehicles, it might take time before their use becomes common. This is because it will take some time for the installation of recharge stations and maintenance stations. Reference List D. Sandalow, The Electric Vehicle and the Burden of History. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2000. D. Sperling and D. Gordon, Two billion cars: driving toward sustainability. New York: Oxford University Press, New York, 2009.Advertising Looking for essay on land transport? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More S. Boschert, Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that will Recharge America. Canada: New Society Publishers, 2006.

Assignment 1; NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN THE NEWS Essay

Assignment 1; NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN THE NEWS - Essay Example sentially engages in describing the activities undertaken by varied volunteers who form and contribute to the Threatened Birds Network (TBN) which is a community based program of the Australian Government’s Natural Heritage Trust and Birds Australia. Issue at hand is the efforts taken up across continental Australia to identify and conserve the various species of birds that are threatened with extinction due to various imprudent measures impinging on the eco-environment in which such birds thrived. The article however, identifies clearing of forest areas as the major cause for removing sheltering and nesting areas of several birds and thus driving them to the brink of extinction. The article identifies primarily land as the locational context of the issue. The issue, as far as the article is concerned, has the locale in rural Australia and in particular in the forest area-either cleared or facing clearing in or around such rural areas. However the article also identifies beach areas of Australia as the location peculiar to specific birds facing extinction. This implies that the focus of the article is birds found on land and facing extinction. Due to limited references to beach areas and birds found therein the article can also be considered as having the main emphasis of threatened birds in woodlands of rural hinterland of Australia. As already stated above the Australian government is the major actor playing an important role in resolving the issue through its National Heritage Trust and Birds Australia. Its instrumentality is the community based program Threatened Birds Network (TBN).From the tenor of the article it appears that the TBN involves the participation of both the professionals and community based volunteers .The former category are classed as regular recovery teams in the article. The volunteer category primarily comprises of private land owners or local land holders. Moreover the latter category has also been identified mostly as comprised of

Project Management - Quality Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project Management - Quality Planning - Essay Example The quality planning process defines the approach to be adopted toward the management of project quality during the course of the project. For example, the quality manual necessitates the use of concrete blocks for the partition walls whose strength is at least 1000 psi, the quality assurance is accordingly achieved only when the blocks of specified strength are being used, and their continual checking and testing remains the responsibility of the quality control (QC) department. The QC department is supposed to carry out the tests as frequently as stipulated in the documents prepared in the quality planning process. As evident from the name, the quality planning process is designed in the planning phase of a project. In fact, it is one of the very early considerations about a project since it affects and is affected by the total project budget. However, its implementation occurs throughout the execution phase till the project closeout after the defects liability period, when contractor might have to incur additional costs to satisfy the customer in that period. This tool focuses on the comparison of costs incurred due to investment in quality and the benefits achieved thus. One way the analysis can be made is as mentioned here. For example, reduced amount of rework enhances the profits significantly. The cost of quality is weighed against the profits in terms of customer’s and client’s satisfaction, increased efficiency and improved public relations by comparing the current situation with some old project of similar nature that incurred losses because of bad quality. Benchmarking is termed as the measurement of quality for improvement. Basically, the previous quality level is taken as a benchmark and results achieved by the measurements taken to improve quality are compared with the old benchmark to analyze the progress.

Classical Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Classical Music - Essay Example ti were the undoubted 18th century music celebrities, with many people associating with their entertaining virtuoso voices that illustrated the musical culture at the time. A critical analysis of the Castro BBC documentary reveals that the documentary investigates the musical aspects of the castrati including private and public details. The castrato involved the use of unbroken soprano voices. It is widely argued that the 18th century performance was done by men castrated during childhood to keep their voices unbroken. Mutilating young boys to achieve this purpose raises numerous ethical issues. The historical context of the castrati reveals the dark aspects of the Baroque opera. From the documentary narrative, it becomes clear that opera had shifted from the use of straight drama to artistic performances using male soprano voices. The male soprano voices could be described as artificial in the sense that they were achieved by castrating boys before they reached maturity. The vocals used in the documentary suggests that the voices are not natural, neither male nor female voices. On the other hand, the documentary illustrates the practice of using male voices for musical voices, especially for sacred music in which women were forbidden. The singers combined unique tempo and musical dynamics with variations in melody and combination of ornamentals to produce entertaining classics. The music was intense and elaborate melodic lines were often used. The use of liturgical musical styles features prominently in the documentary, illustrating the entertaining aspects of the European musical culture. There are also small ensembles of solo performances combined with orchestra tunes. This helps create a unique volume and texture, a feature that characterized European classical music. The documentary depicts the physical perspective and the medical aspects of the operation. The narrator suggests that barber surgeons performed clandestine operations and at times medical

Prototype Theory

Prototype Theory PROTOTYPE THEORY and DEFINITIONS: THE ROLE OF BASIC FACTORS, LEARNT KNOWLEDGE and CULTURE a small-scale empirical study 1. Introduction The purpose of the present empirical research paper is to investigate how Prototype Theory works in defining categories in real life. The theory was introduced by Rosch (1975) in order to explain how semantic categories are represented in our mind. Several experiments prove the functioning of Prototype Theory, but in everyday life we often categorise instances based on our culturally bound definitions rather than based on similarity to a typical instance. Thus, this paper investigates the role of the two mechanisms through a small-scale study, aiming at finding answers to the following research questions: Are prototypes and definitions formed similarly or differently? What is the role of learnt knowledge in creating the prototypes and definitions? Do cultural factors play a role in creating prototypes and definitions? 2. Literature review 2.1. Basic concepts In this section a review of the most important concepts related to Prototype Theory will be provided. To begin with, prototype theory suggests that many mental concepts we have are really prototypes. [] (It) has been useful in investigations into how concepts are formed, [] and to what extent certain concepts can be considered universal or specific to certain cultures / languages (Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, 2003, p. 432). A prototype is a person or object which is considered (by many people) to be typical of its class or group (Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, 2003, p.432). Rosch (1975) defines it as the clearest case of a category, and Aitchinson (1984) also stresses the typicality of the prototype regarding its category. The prototype consists of a set of prototypical features, which are the attributes that are shared by most members, but by only a few non-members (Rosch, 1975), therefore are able to differentiate between categories. A category is a set of attributes that we consider as characteristics of groups of people or objects, or a number of objects that are considered equivalent (Rosch, 1978). The category plays an important role in word recognition because it can serve as the basis of identification of an object, as people often define a concept by reference to typical instances (Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, 2003, p. 432). Other related concepts to prototypes are stereotype and schema. Stereotypes are beliefs about groups, i.e. the number of attributes that we consider as characteristics of certain social groups (The Cambridge Dictionary of Psychology, p. 520). There are, for instance, stereotypes based on race, ethnicity, gender or certain professions. A schema is a concept used in pragmatics to refer to a mental representation of a typical instance. Semantic processing allows people to interpret new experiences quickly and economically. (Cook, 1997, p. 86). All in all, prototypes play an important role in the cognitive processes of categorisation and word identification, which will be discussed in the following section. 2.2. Prototypes in categorisation The mental representation of a prototype is formed on the basis of several factors. First, a prototype is often described on the basis of its appearance: the size, the colour or the shape of an object can influence whether they are considered as typical instances of a category. Second, in some cases it is important what the object is capable of doing. For example, one of the most important characteristics of a bird is that it can fly, and a flightless bird is often considered as less typical. Moreover, the usage of an object often influences our judgement about the typicality of the object. Finally, the frequency of the word also defines whether we consider it typical or not, as a bird that always sings outside our windows can be judged most typical than an exotic bird that we rarely encounter. All in all, these characteristics influence our judgements of the typicality of objects with regards to certain categories (Rosch, 1978). According to another aspect, two types of attributes can define a category. Aitchinson (1987) distinguishes between identification criteria and stored knowledge, i.e. the attributes that are essential to the identification of a concept, and the attributes that we attach to the objects through our learnt knowledge of the world. In this respect the impact of ones culture is of high importance, as there is evidence that prototypes vary from language to language, and from culture to culture (Schwanenflugel and Rey, cited by Field, 2003, p.103). For instance, on the basis of its appearance, a bat could be categorised as a bird, but influenced by our knowledge we acquired in our biology lessons, we will most probably put the bat in the category of mammal. The role of the above mentioned basic factors, learnt knowledge and cultural stereotypes and schemata was investigated in an empirical study, which will be outlined in the next section. 3.  Research methods The aim of the empirical study is to answer the research questions presented in the Introduction. Research is based on data collected with the help of a questionnaire, and analysed quantitatively. 3.1. The research instrument The research instrument consisted of two basic parts. In the first part of the questionnaire there are five lists of words that participants had to evaluate on the basis of their typicality with regards to certain categories. The five lists of words were chosen on the basis of Rosch (1975, cited by Field, 2003, p. 102.), and consisted of nine words that had to be evaluated on a 7-item scale, on which 1 means the least typical, and 7 is the most typical instance. In the second part of the questionnaire participants had to define the same categories with their own words. The aim of the five open-ended items was to identify the basic attributes participants used to formulate a definition of the categories. These answers were then compared with the results of the judgements of prototypicality in the previous task, with the purpose of giving an account for the similarities and differences in the two kinds of mental operations. 3.2. Participants The research was carried out with the participation of 25 respondents. They were approached through personal contacts on the Internet. The average age of the participants is 22.4 years, and the gender proportion is almost equal (with 13 male and 12 female respondents). 4.  Results and discussion The aim of this section is to present and analyse the data of the empirical study, with the purpose of finding answers to the research questions. 4.1. The judgements of typicality The results of the judgements of the typicality of the instances of the categories are in line with Roschs (1975) findings that prove that the typicality of certain instances is evaluated very similarly by different people. Table 1 shows the order of the words within the categories: Table 1. The order of instances within the categories based on the respondents evaluation on a 1-7 scale. Furniture Bird Vehicle Fruit Woman table 6.85 blackbird 6.92 car 7 apple 7 mother 7 dresser 6.77 hawk 6.92 bus 7 orange 7 nurse 6.76 chair 6.76 sparrow 6.87 subway 6.69 pear 6.93 teacher 6.67 stool 5.61 raven 6.77 taxi 6.08 melon 6.54 actress 6.54 lamp 4.08 parrot 6.62 cart 5.77 mango 6.54 ballerina 6.23 piano 3.62 canary 6.54 yacht 4.08 fig 6.23 doctor 5.92 vase 2.39 ostrich 5.30 elevator 2 nut 3.23 police-woman 4.77 picture 2.30 penguin 4.85 ski 1.85 pumpkin 2.84 miner 3.30 telephone 1.92 bat 1.38 wheel-barrow 1.69 olive 2.30 football player 2.46 The evaluation of the prototypicality of the items seems to be based on several factors. The first factor is the appearance of the items, which influenced the judgements of prototypicilaty in the case of, for instance, the categories of bird or fruit, where the most typical instances have a lot in common with regards to physical appearance. Another aspect is the frequency of the items, that is, how often respondents encounter the given instance of the category in real life. The category of fruit is a good example for the importance of this factor, in which apple and orange were the ones being judged as most typical instances, and the less frequently consumed exotic fruits like mango or fig scored lower. Another example is the category of bird, in which the different evaluations of blackbird and canary cannot be accounted for in terms of physical appearance (they are quite similar in size and form). The frequency of the two species, on the other hand, is different, as the blackbird is a more common type of bird than the canary. A final factor in the judgement of the typicality of the objects is cultural schemata and stereotypes. The best example of the importance of cultural factors can be seen in the category of woman, where the traditionally feminine roles (e.g. mother, nurse or teacher) scored higher than the traditionally masculine professions (e.g. policewoman, miner or football player). Our culturally bound schemas are in work in the case of vehicles as well, where car and bus embody the best instance, while cart scored considerably lower. The fact that protypicality is a universal phenomenon of our minds is suggested not only by the consistency of the answers, but also by the fact that the findings are very similar to the results of the original experiment by Rosch, as summarised by Aitchison (1987, p. 53): On the bird list, sparrow, canary, blackbird, dove and lark all came out high. Parrot, pheasant, albatross, toucan, and owl were somewhat lower. Flamingo, duck and peacock were lower still. Ostrich, emu and penguin came out more than half-way down the seven-point rating, while last of all came bat, which probably shouldnt be regarded as a bird at all. Although the present research did not investigate the prototypicality of all items on the original list, the order of the items of my own study are in line with the findings of Rosch. 4.2. The definition of the categories According to the results, the definitions of categories are based on the same factors as the prototypes. Categories differ concerning whether they are formed on the basis of appearance, usage or frequency, and whether identification criteria or stored knowledge are dominant in forming the category. Table 2. The scores of the elements according to the number of their appearance in the definitions of the categories. Appearance Usage / function Frequency Experience Learnt knowledge Furniture 8 24 0 21 9 Bird 19 20 0 20 21 Vehicle 6 16 1 15 18 Fruit 17 18 0 19 19 Woman 5 7 0 10 21 The definitions of the categories were coded into numerical data: the definitions were broken down into components of meaning (based on the factors that determine prototypes, see section 2.2), and then the different components were grouped according to whether they referred to appearance or property, usage or function, or the frequency of encountering the given category. It was also decided whether the participant used world experience or learnt knowledge to formulate a definition. The results reveal that the dominance of the certain aspects of meaning in creating a definition varies from category to category. The definition of furniture is based on usage and function (e.g. an object with functions of decorating and personal use) and world experience. In the case of the category of bird, appearance (e.g. has wings) and function (i.e. what it does, for instance usually capable of flying), and experience (e.g. it can sing) and learnt knowledge (e.g. a type of vertebrates that reproduces with eggs play an equal role. Vehicle is defined dominantly according to its usage (e.g. used for the transportation of people), but experience and knowledge are both important bases of the definition. The definitions of fruit use all four aspects equally. Finally, the category of woman is defined negatively in a lot of cases (e.g. the opposite of man), and almost exclusively on the basis of learnt knowledge (e.g. has XX chromosomes and capable of giving birth). It is important to note that the frequency of encountering the category, which is an important factor in judging the typicality of an instance, does not play a role in defining a concept. 4.3. Prototype theory in the light of the results The results imply that the theoretical Prototype Theory and the everyday definitions of categories work similarly in practice. (1) Are prototypes and definitions formed similarly or differently? According to the results, the same factors (as outlined by Rosch (1978, see section 2.2.) play a role in formulating prototypes with regards to a category and in formulating a definition of the category. The mental operations that underlie the forming of stereotypes play a role in forming the definitions, although the definitions do not cover every prototypical instance. (2) What is the role of learnt knowledge in creating the prototypes and definitions? Based on the results of the study, stored knowledge determines prototypicality in the case of some categories. Attributes that we attach to the objects through our learnt knowledge of the world seem to override our world experience especially in the case of the definitions, which are most often formulated on the basis of learnt knowledge. (3) Do cultural factors play a role in creating prototypes and definitions? Cultural factors play a role in the judgement on prototypicality and creating definitions. Cultural stereotypes are at work in the case of the category of woman. Judging the prototypicality of the given social roles, cultural stereotypes and conventions determined the answers. The definition of the category of woman was defined on the basis of both biological sex and the social convention of gender. 5. Conclusion The present small-scale empirical study investigated the similarities and differences of the functioning of Prototype Theory and definitions. The results imply that the theoretical approach of Prototype Theory and the everyday definitions of categories work similarly in the practice, as the same basic factors, learnt knowledge and cultural aspects underlie the mental representations of prototypes and categories. 6. References Aitchison, J. (1987). Words in the mind. An introduction to the mental lexicon. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell. Cook, G. (1997). Key concepts in ELT: Schemas. ELT Journal, 51(1), 86. Field, J. (2003). Psycholinguistics: A resource book for students. New York: Routledge. Longman dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics (3rd ed.). (2003). Harlow: Pearson ESL. Matsumoto, D. (Ed.) (2009). The Cambridge dictionary of psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rosch, E. (1975). Cognitive representations of semantic categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 192-233. Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of categorisation. In Rosch, E., Loyd, B. B. (Eds.). Cognition and categorisation (pp. 27-48). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Cheerleading is Not a Sport Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Cheerleading is Not a Sport According to Joe Hatton, the author of the article, â€Å"Sports Beat - The sport of cheerleading: It’s more than just pompoms and smiles,† cheerleading is a sport because it requires strength, balance, and coordination. The major claim of the article is â€Å"cheerleading is a sport - plain and simple - and cheerleaders are true athletes† (Hatton C-04). The article offers the following arguments in support of the claim. Hatton claims because cheerleaders are athletes, cheerleading is a sport. Hatton also says cheerleading is a sport because of the competitive aspects. We believe cheerleading is not a sport, because not all cheerleaders compete. Most cheerleaders rarely, if ever, show athleticism. Cheerleading is an activity based on confidence and school spirit. Activities in schools such as debate clubs revolve around the trust, confidence and competition of the team members yet most people do not consider debate club a sport. In Hatton’s article, he acknowledges many people and organization do not identify cheerleading as a sport. The premier collegiate sports organization in the country, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (â€Å"NCAA†), does not recognize cheerleading as a sport (â€Å"Equal Opportunity†). Also, according to the National Federation of High School Athletic Associations, fewer than half the states in country recognize cheerleading as a sport (â€Å"NFHS†). The fact that a respected national athletic organization and a majority of states do not recognize cheerleading as a sport implies that it is viewed primarily as entertainment. We believe the arguments in the article to be unfounded and therefore view the claim that cheerleading is a sport to be untrue. There is more supp... ...leading should not be considered a sport because it is not typically undertaken in a competitive environment and its primary purpose is to lead â€Å"cheering of spectators as at a sports contest† (Dictionary.com). Works Cited Dictionary.com. Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. 2003. 9 October 2003. http://dictionary.reference.com/. â€Å"Equal Opportunity In Intercollegiate Athletics: Requirements Under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972.† U.S. Department of Education. 27 August 1997. 9 October 2003. http://classweb.gmu.edu/jkozlows/460tixa.html. Hatton, Joe. â€Å"Sports Beat - The Sport of Cheerleading: It’s a lot More than Just Pompoms and Smiles.† Providence Journal Bulletin 9 May 2003: C-04 LexisNexis CD-ROM. 13 May 2003. â€Å"NFHS.† National Federation of State High School Associations. 2003. 9 October 2003. http://www.nfhs.org/.

Continuing Academic Success Essay

There are many steps a student or employee can take to ensure success in any endeavor they may choose to undertake. Whether you are a first-time student or someone interested in getting ahead at work, finding your personal learning style is a great place to begin. Then you have a starting off point for using your strengths and improving weaknesses. My personal learning styles, feeling and doing, indicate that I learn best when I care about what I’m learning, and when it applies to my life, and by physically doing something, like a lab which is usually very hands-on. Because getting my degree in order to improve my future is very important to me, caring about what I’m learning, no matter the subject, is quite easy. It will also apply to my life after college, so the hands-on aspect is met in that way, in that I can see how the subjects might be used in my future. Another important step for success is to set small goals. This step allows for easy opportunities to do well while making progress towards the larger â€Å"main† goal. Finding and using all available tools is essential for success, as is being ethical; doing the best work possible will ensure the best results. With long term goals such as ‘get a degree’ or ‘get a promotion a raise or both’, the amount of work can be daunting. Breaking those into smaller goals makes each step much easier to obtain. Those many small accomplishments can increase self-esteem, giving the student or employee a good sense of their ability to get things done, rather than faltering because they feel overwhelmed when looking at the big picture. In my situation, my long term goals are to graduate from college with a bachelor’s degree, and then start a career that will allow me to take care of my family if needed. These are connected, and looking at them in the long term is very stressful, and  overwhelming. Instead, I’m just focusing on the class I’m in at the time. If I can do well in my Foundations class, then I’ll start my next session on a high note, feeling like I’m already on the right path, and already succeeding. I haven’t set any small goals for my future career yet. That’s mostly because I’ve only just started looking at the details of where I might want to work. I don’t think I’ll be sure what exactly I want to do until closer to graduation, and I’m sure I won’t know where until I know better â€Å"what†. Something I learned in this first class is that there is an easy to follow format for writing and that it can be used in many formats and situations. †It can be referred to as the â€Å"five paragraph essay† and consists of a thesis, three to five supporting paragraphs and a conclusion.† (Halusska, 2006) Learning about this basic formula was a bit of an ‘ah-ha’ moment for me. It gives a very basic way to write papers for just about any occasion that is easy to remember, and to follow. In any class where a paper is required, such as a book summary, lab results, or a short essay, this format can be applied. It also works for presentations, proposals or other professional writing settings. Using all of the resources available is a great way to ensure success. Knowing what those resources are, and how to find them is important as well. In the setting of the University of Phoenix, there are more tools for success than any college experience that I’ve had before. The University Library is so much more than it seems. When I hear â€Å"library,† I think † big building with stacks and stacks of books for all interests†. The online library has that, but it also has tools like the Center for Writing Excellence (CWE), and the Center for Math Excellent (CME). I haven’t used the CME yet. I’m fairly sure it will come into play in my next class. The CWE, however, has been an essential part of my current class. It has tutorials, live help, a grammar checker, free online plagiarism checker for students with percentage, a reference creating tool, and so much more. Another tool for success that I was introduced to recently is the ELI or Ethical Lens Inventory. Your ethical lens is your window to the world for decision making. There are several different perspectives to consider when trying to make an ethical decision, including what’s best for the community (or whatever the group might be), versus what’s best for yourself. In a professional setting, an employee’s position (whether they are management or staff) might make a difference in how they perceive a problem, and how they come to a solution.  A manager might have the good of the company in mind while a staff member is likely more concerned with his or herself. McNutt, and Batho (2005) say, for example, â€Å"Values are intimately connected with moral and ethical codes, and determine what people think ought to be done. The value set is composed of rights and duties. The distinction is reasonably straightforward. For the most part, rights and duties are the opposite ends of a given spectrum. If management [or] an employer have a duty to ensure reasonable standards of health and safety for workers, workers have a right to expect it. If it is believed or if it has become a norm that workers have a right to a minimum wage, then management as employers have a duty to pay it.† In a school setting your ELI and critical thinking come into play in other ways. It is very important to cite one’s sources when using anything other than your original thoughts in a paper. Anything less is plagiarism. This includes self-plagiarism, using your own previous work without citing that, unintentional plagiarism, not properly citing your source in a paraphrase or quote, and deliberately cutting and pasting someone else’s work and claiming it as your own. Plagiarism doesn’t just happen school, of course. Publishers see this quite often. The good news is that it’s becoming much more difficult to get away with using someone else’s work. A great example of plagiarism in a professional setting comes from Micron. They had to retract an article because they discovered that a micrograph was doctored with Photoshop. (Cox, Braet, Egerton 2014). Critical thinking, or looking at a situation in a clear, rational yet open-minded way, is very important no matter your situation. A good example of using critical thinking is when you must determine if a source you want to use is credible. You must consider many factors when deciding on the source. This is one major downside of using the internet for research. A lot of sources might be biased, or not well researched. When using outside sources it’s a good idea to check that there are references given, and also to check those references. It’s also important to look at the URL of the resource. Dot Coms are often business oriented, and less reliable due to advertising involvement. Some good websites might be college pages or non-profit organizations, with authors who are authorities in the field they’re discussing. It is never a good idea to use sites like Wikipedia. They are authored by the general public, and while some articles are well documented, the majority are not. Thinking  critically can be a challenge, but it is also a learned skill, which means there are several ways to improve your ability. Knowing that you’re going to have to make a decision is the first step and includes knowing what your options are. It also means acknowledging that when you have made a choice, your other options are no longer viable. You’ve chosen a path, and must move forward. Before you can do that, however, you must define your priorities. What is the desired outcome? The decision you make should focus on that, and move you toward some goal. If it looks like there are no good solutions, the best option might be to wait to make any decisions. Often other options will present themselves. Your situation might change, or you might think if something you hadn’t considered before. (Ellis & Toft, 2014) All of these tools combine and work together to enhance your ability to meet your goals. They can be applied separately or together to make good choices, reach your goals, professional or academic, and succeed at life. Whether you’re a student or a professional, using ethics, critical thinking, formulaic writing, will lead to positive outcomes. References Halusska, J. C. (2006, Dec). In Defense of the Formula Essay. Academic Questions, 20(1), 46-55. McNutt, P. A., & Batho, C. A. (2005). Code of ethics and employee governance. International Journal of Social Economics, 32(8), 656 – 666. Cox, G., Braet, F., & Egerton, R. (2014, Feb). Ethics Issues. Elsevier, Micron 61(iv). Ellis, D., & Toft, D. (2014). Becoming a Master Student (15th ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. p.221

Case Study Human Resource Management. Cockpit for You Company

Case Study Human Resource Management. Cockpit for You Company Introduction The success of a firm’s productivity depends on the organization of the human resource management. Reflectively, labour as a factor of production, determines the gross output, performance, and goal achievement at optimal resource use.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Case Study: Human Resource Management. ‘Cockpit for You’ Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Company ‘Cockpit for you’ has been struggling with human resource management problems that range from competition, labour structure, and financial constraints. Budget constraints for ‘Cockpit for you’ are represented by a production possibility frontier curve which is dangerously skewed towards deficits in productivity. The curve shows the limitation of available factors of production, especially on optimal labour use and employee motivation. Thus, this reflective treatise attempts to explici tly analyse thematic areas that have negative influence on the company’s labour use and display them as part of a mind mapping plan. Besides, the paper presents a comprehensive theoretical backup for one of the identified thematic area as part of a remedial case study. In addition, the paper develops a personnel evaluation system using a project management plan that targets to restore human resource efficiency. Mind Mapping of Challenges at ‘Cockpit for you’ Company Current budget of the ‘Cockpit for you’ firm may not allow it to utilize all factors of production in the economy. Therefore, there is always need to maximize use of obtainable resources. ‘Cockpit for you’ Company faces several limitations in its operations after the sudden restructuring. First, the uncertain working conditions greatly impacted on employees’ confidence and performance patterns. As employees’ incomes remain unstable, and relatively low, it was na tural to witness an underperformance and low morale at work. The trading conditions continued to remain a challenge especially for this company. These adversely influenced the ability of ‘Cockpit for you’ to achieve the forecasted sales and consequently, the overall budget was affected. Increase in prices of factors of production directly affects budgeted cost of production, and thus low income earned by employees. In addition, inability of the company to leverage its systems and processes hindered the growth of its business as it reduced ability of the company to attract the right labour skills and attitude.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally, the company faces operational risks in areas such as supply chain management, communication systems, and human resource management. Given that the company has to operate within a predetermined budget, changes in the individual component of the budget affect the operations of the entire business. Evaluation of strategic threats and opportunities is important for an organization as feedback from such appraisal is vital for execution of strategic plans and decision making. ‘Cockpit for you’ is exposed to numerous threats. For instance, following the acquisition logistics and restructuring, the company has to remain afloat despite competition. Secondly, the human resource department is fairly responsive to sudden swings and also very sensitive to changes in income. Since the change of ownership, the company has suffered heavily, as communication system for implementing these changes seemed to have broken down. Due to redundancy, lack of performance evaluation processes, employee testing, and healthy work culture, the company is currently facing uncertainty and is at the brink of total labour force redundancy. These systems are critical in improving leadership skills, eva luation skills, promoting creativity, and rewarding outstanding achievement. The company is surrounded by several opportunities for growth of business. However, the human resource department is seriously underdeveloped despite the fact that labour determines total output, thus profitability. ‘Cockpit for you’ Company has done little to have a pipeline of talent to work towards achieving long-term objectives. Reflectively, the company has not organized several tailored training and development schemes designed to help its people fulfill their potential. According to Burke Cooper (2008), training and development programs are both on-the-job and off-the job. These should be built around the core business values and is firmly aligned with the business strategy – developing skills that will support future growth of the business. The programme is designed for senior managers and is aimed at building leadership skills for follow up of changes within the workforce (Burk e Cooper, 2008, p. 129). Unfortunately, this is not happening at this company. The results of the programme meant for statistical t-testing of relevance of evaluation strategies adopted in reviewing employment terms and performance (Kew Stedwick, 2005, p. 99). Despite the fact that this company has a fresh initiative for correcting the previous mistakes, it has not adopted an inclusive career development plan. Instead, it works on assumptions that the labour force is fully developed and well trained. The major restructuring that occurred in the company impacted on the training and development programme negatively since the human resource management system lacked the aspect of innovation, skills, and motivation evaluation.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Case Study: Human Resource Management. ‘Cockpit for You’ Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Case Study: Career Development through Training and Performance Appraisal Training and development forms part of organizational strategy mostly because companies have been characterized by numerous expansions both without and within the region. Consequently, there is a need to merge organizational skills, knowledge and culture with the new challenges and demands facing ‘Cockpit for you’ Company. The company needs to use training and development largely because it is operating in a highly competitive sector. Consequently, there is a need to ensure that the company remains ahead of the competition. Management ought to realize that there is no better way to achieve this rather than through the use of training and development. Further, ‘Cockpit for you’ Company should evaluate effectiveness of training and development in realizing the goals and objectives of their set targets. Finally management of the company should use outcomes of trainings and development in decision making relating promotions and transf ers within the organization (Wilson, 2006, p. 101). Besides, the company should undertake several career development programmes, such would be necessary for attracting and retaining human resource base. The company should consider providing a job compensation structure that supports the organizations as well as individuals’ growth and development perspectives (Robinson, 2006, p. 119). Moreover, company should also evaluate employees and produce succession pipe-lines for vital job positions in the organization. At the end of every six months, performance reviews should be carried out at ‘Cockpit for you’ for all the employees. During these reviews, employees engage their line mangers in discussing their performances for six months. The employees are then rated based on the proficiencies and competencies they have shown during the period ended (Legge, 2005, p. 136). Staff members are then given ratings for the skills and competencies they have shown over the past p eriod. A comparison is then done between the ratings and the expected results as agreed upon at the beginning of the year and also with expected skills profiles for these areas. Such appraisals are important as they help employees to establish their performance in relation to the expectations from the business and expected outcomes as agreed during performance planning (Legge, 2005, p. 216). Further, the appraisals reveal gaps that may be inherent when executing duties. At the end of appraisal procedure the line manager and the staff member formulate a plan for further development for the next period. In the personal development plan, the employees set objectives based on the feedback from their performance appraisal and it is mandatory for all staff members to have such a plan. The whole interactive appraisal process is beneficial as it aids employees in developing a focused vocation trail.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Further, the process is realistic. The gaps noted during the review process are bridged by training and development (Mullins, 2006, p. 132). These trainings also help in preparing the staff members for future managerial duties. The performance review process helps management of the Group to have a well-organized, effectual and motivated human resource base (Mullins, 2006, p. 137). The appraisal procedure is all encompassing and it reflects the actual performance by the staff members for the reason that it involves both the line managers and the staff members (Hughes, 2006, p. 98). Also there is comparison of the actual and expected performance and any variances are noted and actions inform of trainings, development and disciplinary measures are taken to improve on future performance. The performance management at ‘Cockpit for you’ Company is unsatisfactory because overall strategic goals are not cascaded down to departments and further to the individual staff members. T herefore, work done by each employee may not contribute to the overall strategic goal. Further, performance of the staff members is not cascaded upwards and the actual performance of the company cannot be compared with the forecasts (Houldsworth, Jirasinghe, 2006, P. 106). Personnel Evaluation System Training and development forms part of organizational strategy mostly because human resource department is characterized by constant dynamics in management since labor market is constantly affected by market swings. Consequently, there is a need to merge organizational skills, knowledge and culture with the new challenges and demands. Therefore, there is constant need to use training and development largely because the department operates in a highly stratified environment (Blyton Turnbull, 2006, p. 118). The outcomes of performance appraisal are not only influenced by job performance of the employee, there are other several other factors that may influence performance appraisal ratin g of the employees. The diagram above illustrates the process of employee evaluation. The motivational activities are predetermined by the management. Summary of Personnel Evaluation System Motivational Recommendation Goal setting Feedback Channel Exception Criteria Evaluation Criteria Empowering employees to participate more in the decision making process Setting relatively hard assignments that are attainable and allowing employees to brainstorm and consult on the same. Workforce training. Establishing a confidential suggestion box for complaints and complements. Improving on communication network system and intranet. Creating interactive sessions for the workforce Defining the privacy parameter and expected code of conduct. Establishing the organization culture and ethics. Limiting the scope of activities to contain only relevant training Analyzing feedbacks from suggestion boxes Review of performance periodically after every stage of implementation. Carrying out random but inclusive sampling using questionnaires Creating more motivational programs involving outdoor activities such as sporting. Fixing motivational programs in annual calendar. Designing awards to be given in every event Encouraging medical tests and physical stamina. Performance comparison between teams. Defining the scope and making these activities part of performance responsibility. Defining limits for responsive training Testing team spirit and insight. In empowering employees to participate more in the decision making process, the organization should source for expertise training on consultative decision making process. This expert will impart skills directly to the management and entire workforce. In the process of implementing this recommendation, training manager should be assigned the duty of organizing the workforce into groups and following up the success or failure of the training (Beardwell Claydon, 2007, p. 306). During the training process, simple activities such a s solving puzzles and brainstorming in different topics are encouraged. In addition, every member of the workforce is expected to participate actively by assigning roles which are balloted. The implementation should be done in three phases with the first phase actively involving an outsourced expert in the field of decision making (Cole, 2006, p. 107). After a fortnight, the management should then design in-house programs as a continuation of the first stage. In the last stage, the entire workforce is encouraged to internalize the concept initially introduced and deactivate fear and inferiority complex when addressing issues of interest to the organization and at personal level (Armstrong, 2006, p. 93). Though this process should be continuous, the active part should not run for more than four months from commencement at a budget less than four percent of the company’s net revenue (Gmur Thommen, 2011, p. 380). Reflectively, a â€Å"planned change approach is required with t he initiation and implementation of change being driven by management with the aid of a practioner† (Greene Kirton, 2005, p. 102). Magnitude of change is quantum as large changes involving culture, structure and strategy of the company is required. In reality, â€Å"transformational change is a relatively new count to organizational change† (Greene Kirton, 2005, p. 109). This form of change is necessary and very relevant in the case of ‘Cockpit for you’ Company as the company attempts to restructure its human resource component. Besides, when adopted, leadership responsibility, performance efficiency, and continuous motivational policies will facilitate responsive management. Expected outcome of the Action Plan Action Plan Tabular representation Motivational Recommendation Required Resources Leadership responsibility Steps taken Barriers Performance Indicators Time taken Empowering employees to participate more in the decision making process Outsourc ed expert. Training materials. Group leaders –implementing. Training manager-evaluation. Periodic training. Interactive forums Educational levels. Authority and responsibility Analyzing feedbacks from suggestion boxes 6 months Creating more motivational programs involving outdoor activities such as sporting. Sporting facilities. Entire workforce participation. Team leaders Team captains. Overall captain. Initiating sports day in the calendar. Resource allocation for awards Convincing the workforce to embrace the event. Divergent interest on sporting activities Testing team spirit and insight. continuous Results Conclusively, these recommendations would directly impact on the feedback channel as employees will have motivational power to proactively participate in decision making process. As a result, the learning oriented process will facilitate optimal performance which is specific to the goals and desires of the company as the workforce would have the feeling of being appreciated and recognized for outstanding performance. Reference List Armstrong, M 2006, Strategic HRM: a guide to action, 23rd edn, Kogan Page, London. Beardwell, L Claydon, T 2007, HRM: a contemporary perspective, 5th edn, FT/Prentice Hall, London. Blyton, P Turnbull, P, 2006, The Dynamics of Employee Relations, 5th edn, Palgrave, California. Burke, L Cooper, T 2008, Building more effective organisations: HR management and performance in practice, Palgrave, California. Cole, G 2006, Personnel HRM, 5th edn,Continuum, London. Gmur, M Thommen, J 2011, Human Resource Management, Strategien und Instrumente fà ¼r Fà ¼hrungskrfte und das Personal management, Versus, Vancouver. Greene, M Kirton, G, 2005, The Dynamics of Managing Diversity, 2nd edn, Elsevier, Alabama Houldsworth, E Jirasinghe, D, 2006, Managing Measuring Employee Performance, Kogan Page, London Hughes, M 2006, Change Management, CIPD, London Kew, J Stedwick, J 2005, Business Environment: Managing in a Strategic Context, CIPD, London Legge, K 2005, HRM: Rhetorics Realities, Palgrave, London. Mullins, J 2006, Management Organisational Behaviour, Financial Times/Prentice Hall, London Robinson, I 2006, HRM in Organisations, CIPD, London Wilson, J P 2006, Human resource Development, 2nd edn, Kogan Page, London.

Project Management Organizational Structures Paper

Project Management Organizational Structures Paper A series of related jobs that are focused toward a major solution is a project. Projects take time, money, people, and other resources to perform successfully. Project management usually controls these resources as well as planning the project and allocating resources where needed. Before a project is started, management decides which organizational structure will be used to run the project. There are three organizational structures that can be chosen from consisting of the Functional, Matrix, and Pure Project structures. Each of these has their advantages and disadvantages in structuring a project. Project managers are in charge of initiating, planning, executing, controlling and closing the project. Prior to beginning a project the manager needs to decide which organizational structure is the best fit to run the project at hand. Choosing which organizational structure to use largely depends on the size of the company, what is trying to be accomplished, and what resources are availa ble.English: Triad organizational structureThis paper will examine the three primary organizational structures mentioned above and the situation in which each structure would be the best method to manage a project team.In the functional project management organizational structure, "the project is assigned to the functional unit that has the most interest in ensuring its success or can be most helpful in implementing it" (Mantel Meredith, 2006). This organizational structure has been considerably one of the oldest methods used however, remains one of the most successful. The functional method is best used when applied to routine work functions and to support the value of work standards. Under this organizational structure projects are usually assigned into two different ways consisting of assigning a project to a functional manager who coordinates with others to contribute or assigning the project to different departments who each complete their portion of the work and report...

Robot Dreams Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Robot Dreams - Movie Review Example Here we encounter a faulty situation of a robot given to dreaming. Again in the movie "I, Robot"2 there is a probability of a Robot getting away with murder. Ironically the movie brings back the same phobia that separates the notion of the human and inhuman (and evil) that Asimov so fiercely detested in the earlier science-fiction stories about technological inventions turning out to be uncontrollable monsters. But the question posed is different - are the three laws quite enough to control something that is given so much power Asimov's intent was to devise a set of rules that would provide reliable control over semi-autonomous machines that were well-engineered, non-threatening, and in 1940, in conjunction with science fiction author and editor John W. Campbell, he formulated the Laws of Robotics. He subjected all of his fictional robots to these laws by having them incorporated within the architecture of their platinum-iridium positronic brains. Thus the robots physically were incapable to devise or think beyond their architectural scope. The movie faithfully quotes Asimov's three laws of robotics3 but the main thrust of the movie becomes morality/ethics. As the short story challenges our popular notion of robots since it refuses to reiterate another Frankenstein horror, the movie successfully brings that question back: murder of its creator- the humans. Asimov's original laws (see above) provide that robots are to be slaves to humans (the second law). However, this role is overridden by the higher-order first law, which precludes robots from injuring a human, either by their own autonomous action or by following a human's instructions. This precludes their continuing with a programmed activity when doing so would result in human injury. It also prevents their being used as a tool or accomplice in battery, murder, self- mutilation, or suicide. The transgression offered by Asimov in the story "Robot Dreams" whether ideas enter the mind of the Robot who, in a Freudian manner starts displaying symptoms of self-consciousness and worse his being - his position in reality relative to the humans and questions why so. Susan Calvin, chief robopsychologist at US Robots, in "Robot Dreams" is disturbed by a robot's dreaming-and by the dreams. The metaphors constantly question the nature of the Laws of Robotics and what it means to be human It questions the mechanical slavery of the superior robots. Susan Calvin discovers that the robot's brain was designed with a fractal design. The robot's dr eam came to reveal Freudian truth about his desire to be human. It had also seen other robots working hard, and unwillingly. Dr. Calvin has the robot destroyed after the dreams seem to threaten his conformity to the given (man-made) reality that has been granted by man. The fears of the automata, posing an irrational, dead, cold and soul-less threat to humans, calling into question their identity, sexuality, the basis of creation, and powers of domination revolves within the film. It illustrates crucial aspects of the human encounter with the mechanical "other." It somewhat resembles the idea of the golem in the legends, who is supposedly man's servant and exists to protect his maker but almost always threatens its master-running out of control, of its evolving skills or latent skills. The film incorporates some elements of the robot stories that appeared in Asimov's 1950 (as a definite mixture and is never true to one single

Integrated Reading & Writing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Integrated Reading & Writing - Coursework Example The reason behind his suggestion is that, by supplementation a person will have tackled many issues with a single solution. One gets the vitamins yet, he or she avoids getting a cold. 6. Which of these people are cautious about it, or wish to find out more? Name them. (1.5) Sir Harris Burns is more cautious about the consumption of these supplements, and he states that there is need for a scientific consensus that is broader. He warns people that supplements in the diet can cause harm hence there is a need to wait for a study that is well randomised especially in large populations. He also wants to wait for a review conclusions of the evidence by the government of the UK scientific advisory committee on nutrition in the year 2014. He thinks that there is a need for a broader scientific consensus. In simpler the title is trying to show not only, the advantages of the vitamin pills supplementation compared to the nature intake of these vitamins. Vitamins might be very important in the body, but how does the consumption of this vitamin occur. Dietary Reference Values means the complete set of the reference values nutrient recommendations, such as population the average requirement, reference intakes, adequate levels of intake and an intake of a lower threshold. According to study, it was found out to be true for a woman to undergo a live pregnancy her partner must have taken an anti oxidant vitamin supplementation vitamin intake levels affect fertility adversely. On the second report, it is more based on why the vitamin intake is crucial and how it is used, and the effects of supplementation only it is not based on the normal intake of vitamin D unlike the first report, which clearly states the main source of vitamin D other than supplementation. The second report is more educational based on the vitamin supplementation intake thus it does not deal with one particular vitamin and it is supplementation alone. It is easily