Comparison of Beer Industry in Italy and Canada

Comparison of Beer intentness in Italy and CanadaIntroductionBeer is champion of the most us senesced bever geezerhoods in the cosmos next to coffee and tea. The beer perseverance thence as we apprize imagine is one(a) of the biggest industries in the world with numerous competitors inside of the industry. It is not surprising that m each diverse kinds of beer and a variety of blemishs can be found in twain Italy and Canada, and two of the countries has a long history of development of brewery industry as well.In this article, we be going to match twain of the countries trades, industry condition, ethnic differences, political background and so forth, all those information ordain be pullulaten into consideration, and be processed to make the final exam last on which county environment is to a greater consequence suitable and beneficial for us to invest into.Some theories be going to be applied to analyse the ethnic dimensions of both countries, such as Hofsted es ethnical dimensions, and SWOT outline, Porters Five Forces Model.MethodologyWhat method do you use up to pick up your factbook and why?The methods i use to compile my factbook is that i ar going to apply around frameworks from respected authors that argon most applicable to my chosen industry (beer industry) such as Hofstede, SWOT analysis and Porters fivesome forces.What eyeshade guess and approaches do you draw on and why?Hofstedes Cultural DimensionsHofstede measures the cultural dimensions differences in una resembling countries. in that respect are five dimensions in this framework, videlicet the Power outdo Index (PDI), the laissez faire-Collectivism, Masculinity-Femininity and Uncertainty Avoidance. Since Hofstede measures cultural dimensions, therefore it will be used in the cultural system page of the melodic theme when the cultural aspects are discussed.SWOT AnalysisSWOT is the abbreviation for Strengths, half-heartednesses, Opportunities and Threats. It is an analytical framework to religious service summarize in a quick and concise bearing the risks and opportunities for a certain political party, for my case the beer industry in two opposite countries, Canada and Italy. The SWOT analysis looks into internal factors within the company/industry/ orbit (Strengths and Weaknesses) and impertinent factors external the company/industry/country (Opportunities and Threats). This method will regulartually help us to look at the chief(prenominal) positive, (strength and opportunities), and the negative, (weaknesses and affrights), sides of both countries when comparing. Initially this should help us decide on which country would be most attractive to invest in the beer industry. For this reason, this method will be used at the terminus of the paper, which will give us an conclusive overview of the both countries.Porters Five Forces ModelPorters five forces model argues that there are five forces in an industry to jell the extent and scale of the competition. These five forces affect the industries attractiveness. It is an efficient tool to analyse competition in the industry. In this model, five forces are the threat of substitute convergences or services, the threat of the entry of new competitors, the intensity of competitive rivalry, the bargaining power of customers, and the bargaining power of suppliers. The industrys attractiveness is the primary and fundamental factor to deciding the profitability, and in any industry, the rule of competition will be reflected in any of the five competitive forces. The purpose of Porters five forces is to show the attractiveness of the beer industry in both Canada and Italy and to help investors decide in which country to enter in the beer industry, besides it could help companies to develop a differentiateicular st stationgy in the industry, and this theory magnate be used in chapter which deals with mart / industry conditions.What method of data codion and anal ysis do you use and why?The methods i use to collect my data are searching my universitys library modules for useful academic articles and using a mix of articles from authors cognize through literature and the Theory Tutorials for my comparative degree pastoral Studies course. Of course, the reliable information on Internet is similarly consulted as additional sources, and i have also analyzed the annual report of the company.The beer industry of Italy and CanadaIn this section, relevant grocery store conditions that apply to the Italian and Canadian beer sector will be explained. The marketplace can be sepa markd according to different factors like size and attractiveness as well. If we divide the market according the different market shares which individual brewery h gagas, we can see that there are several(prenominal) main passer in the beer industry in both of the countries.ItalyItaly is famous for its wines, however, it is not well- go to bedn for its own beer. Generally speaking, Italy doesnt ware nearly as such(prenominal) beer as its European neighbour, however, there is a growing trend of aspiration for beer in Italy, the beer in Italy is not as wide dish out as in its European neighbours, in the first place because there is a historical takeence for wine in the country.Italian breweries have undergone a Renaissance in recent years. In fact, however in the past a few(prenominal) years, Italy has started having beer alcohol addiction and tasting competitions and more than than related festivals. Normally, this sort of activity is reserved for wine, however, nowadays beer is earning more and more respect from wine-preferred Italians, and plain many young Italians prefer to support their countrys beer industry rather than the wine industry now, still, the Italian beer industry has much space to grow and be developed.There are somewhat brands of beer in Italy, one of the oldest and most recognized breweries is Birra Peroni, which was established in 1846 and the headquarter of Peroni is in Rome. Peronis most famous crop is a pilsner-style beer. Nastro Azzuro, which is also one of the few Italian beers that marketed all over the world, Nastro Azzuro, is a rather light style beer, many breweries are crafting darker, heavier beers that are rousing interest from new and experience beer drinkers alike. In addition to those giant breweries, there are many microbreweries in Italy, and they play a important role and have a great circumstances of the market as well. A microbrewery particularly gains attention from young Italians is Birrificio Baladin, the brewery appeals to young generation through quirky advertisements and sponsoring international music festivals and young Italians think theres means in the global beer market for some of their most outstanding brews.CanadaTraditionally, Canadas largest create from raw stuff companies were Labatts and Molson. In 1995, Labatts was getd by an Belgian company which is called Interbrew and it is now a part of Brazilian-Belgian Anheuser-Busch InBev, the worlds largest create from raw material company and Molson, the other largest beer company, which was merged with US company Coors in 2005 and created a new company called Molson Coors, which is the worlds fifth largest brewing company now.In 2006, with the purchase of Sleeman Breweries, the largest rest Canadian brewery was purchased by the Japanese owned Sapporo Brewery, Canadas beer proceeds has been mainly under the control of foreign multinationals. By the end of 2006, nearly 90% of beer sales was of product brewed domestically under licence from non-domestic corporations. American beers brewed under licence dominate much of the market. For instance, Budweiser is brewed under licence in Canada by Labatts and Coors Light by Molson.The market in Canada for domestic beer is dominated by Labatt, Molson and Sleeman, all foreign-owned companies. The largest Canadian-owned brewer, Moosehead breweri es, and controls about 5.5% of the Canadian market.Country comparingMacro-economic indicatorsEconomyCanada population 33,487,208 (July 2009 est.).Italy population 58,126,212 (July 2009 est.).Economic exemption Canada world rank 6.Economic liberty Italy world rank 87.FinanceFinancial freedom for Canada 80.0.Financial freedom in Italy 60.0Canada enthronisation freedom 75.0.Italy investment freedom 75.0.CanadaEconomy-GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)$ 1.335 trillion (2010 est.). Country comparison to the world 15.$1.297 trillion (2009 est.)$1.33 trillion (2008 est.)-GDP Per capita (PPP)$39,600 (2010 est.)country comparison to the world 22$38,700 (2009 est.)$40,000 (2008 est.)-Inflation rate (consumer prices)1.6% (2010 est.)country comparison to the world 410.3% (2009 est.)ItalyEconomy-GDP (PPP)$1.782 trillion (2010 est.)country comparison to the world 11$1.763 trillion (2009 est.)$1.857 trillion (2008 est.)-GDP per capita (PPP)$30,700 (2010 est.)country comparison to the world 43$30,30 0 (2009 est.)$31,900 (2008 est.)-Inflation rate (consumer prices)1.4% (2010 est.)country comparison to the world 320.8% (2009 est.)Historical developmentsItalyBeer is known and drank in Italy really long cadence ago, Italians brewed and consumed the blond drink. It said that Roman emperor moth Agricola was a fan of beer when he was the governor of Britannia, and in 83 AD Roman Emperor Agricola raised to the imperial throne and came back to Italy, he took trey overtake brewers with him from Glevum of which the ancient name Gloucester and opened the first real pub in Italy.Nowadays beer is especially baskd by young people in Italy, which has been seen as an in orb drink, compared to the wine which is alway used in much more formal places. Aperitif and wine tasting have now gained back to wine many nonchalant drinkers, however, until a few years ago, young Italians actually drank more beer than wine.Pub-styled bars are still very popular in Italy and they have spread the love for the more exotic brands of beer many of them serve Japanese, German, Australian and East European beers along with the more known ones brewed in the UK and Belgium. At least one nursing bottle of Birra cinese (Chinese beer) is served on every table of every Chinese restaurant.CanadaBeer was first introduced to Canada by European settlers in the seventeenth carbon, as Canada had an ideal climate for make and storing beer forwards refrigeration was introduced. The first commercial brewery was built by Jean Talon in Quebec City, in the year 1668. Over a century later a get of commercial brewers thrived, including some that became the staple of the Canadian industry John Molson founded a brewery in Montreal in 1786, Alexander Keith inHalifax in 1820, Thomas Carling in capital of the United Kingdom in 1840, John Kinder Labatt in 1847, also in London, Susannah Oland in Halifax in 1867, and Eugene OKeefe in Toronto in 1891. The very first patent to be issued by the Canadian brass on July 6, 1842, was to one G. Riley for an improved method of brewing ale, beer, porter, and other maltliquors.Prohibition in Canada did not last as long as in the U.S. and was by and large over by the mid 1920s (apart from Prince Edward Island, where it ran from 1901 to 1948). Nevertheless, it had a similar effect of leaving very few brewers, and it was only in the late 20th century that there has been a revival and microbreweries have started. Brewpubs are still illegal in some provinces.Cultural systemHofstedes Cultural Dimensions of Italy and CanadaPower DistanceIndividualismMasculinityUncertainty AvoidanceItalyHigherMore embodiedMore masculineStrongCanadaLowerMore individualisticMore feminineWeakPower distanceCanada is swallow on the Hofstedes power distance index finger than Italy, Italy falls in the middle on the index overall. Italian seems to put up differences in power betwixt people. Canadas Power Distance (PDI) is comparatively low, with an index of 39, compared to a world average of 55. This is indicative of a greater equality surrounded by societal levels, including presidential term, organizations, and even within families. This orientation reinforces a cooperative interaction across power levels and creates a more stable cultural environment.IndividualismThe more collective nature of Italy compared to Canada can be seen in many ways. It is not uncommon for grown children to live with their parents for years. Italian businesses are primarily owned by individuals and families. fear is preferably done with people with which one is familiar. Unacquainted guests will not be invited into an Italian home(a). Coffee or dinner will be taken with non-family members at a cafe or restaurant. Canada has Individualism (IDV) as the proudest ranking (80) Hofstede Dimension, and is indicative of a society with a more individualistic place and relatively loose bonds with others. The populace is more self-reliant and looks out for themselves and thei r close family members.MasculinityItaly is a fairly masculine society and ranks slightly higher on this index than Canada. Many Italian men still treat women with gallantry and value machismo. Although women have entered the workforce, their numbers are still small and few are in upper echelon positions. Italian household are the sole domain of women Italian women for the most part cook, clean and care for the children. Italians place a prime splendour on material possessions. It is very important to look good in Italy.However, like a more feminine culture, Italians also know how to take time to appreciate the good things in life. Italians work in order to live rather than living to work. Ambition is not prevalent in Italian culture. indeed i assume that beer as a informal beverage, it is more popular under this kind of cultural background rather than more formal cultural background countries.Uncertainty AvoidanceItaly avoids uncertainly more strongly than Canada. By and large Ita lians prefer to do business with people they know. In addition, Italians prefer to know something about an individual before they speak with him/her on the forebode. Thus, in business one should send an introductory fax and follow-up with a phone call. governmental/Government SystemBeer or malt liquor, is defined as all fermented liquor brewed in whole or in part from malt for the purposes of the come across Act, grain or any saccharine matter without any process of distillation, but does not include wine.Italian alcoholic beverageic drink Taxes and Duties Legislative simulationAlcoholdutyBeer (5% ABV or 12 Plato)0.12 per pintWine (bottle 11.5% ABV)0.00 per 75 clAs we can see in the table of different order of commerce applies to beer in Italy, which contains following level of duty. Italy is a member of the European Union, therefore it shares the Common External Tariff regime. EU duties are charged by the Italian Customs Agency on the CIF (cost, insurance and freight) value o f the product imported into Italy.The Alcohol Act (2001) bans TV and radio advertising of alcoholic products between 4PM and 9PM and prohibits alcohol advertisements from being shown on TV within 15 minutes before or after any childrens programs. The Act also requires a self-regulatory ordinance to be provided jointly by media companies, advertising agencies and advertisers to govern alcohol advertising.For the legal drinking age, there is no minimum age of legal drinking. And the legal purchasing age of alcohol is 16 and 18. South Tyrol prohibits both serving and purchase for people under the age of 18 and to everybody in a state of inebriation. Milan has apply a ban on those under 16 purchasing alcohol. Heavy fines are given to proprieters and parents if a transaction is completed.Canadian Alcohol Taxes and Duties Legislative poserBeerDutyUp to 1.2% alcohol$2.591/hectolitre1.2% to 2.5% alcohol$13.990/hectolitreOver 2.5% alcohol$27.985/hectolitreAs we can see in the table of d ifferent grade of duty applies to beer, which contains following level of duty (1) more than 2.5% out-and-out(a) ethyl alcohol by volume (2) more than 1.2% but not more than 2.5% absolute ethyl alcohol by volume and (3) less than 1.2% absolute ethyl alcohol by volume, and for all beer containing more than 2.5% absolute ethyl alcohol by volume, the rate of excise duty is currently $27.985 per hectolitre. However, excise duties are not imposed on beer provided it is brewed by a person for personal or family use or to be given away without charge and is not for sale commercially.Canadian government showed how passing they value beer production and its breweries by sinister the taxes exercised on beer production. This is a benefit to the industry. As one of the leaders of the whole economy of Canada, the beer sector is likely to maintain these tax benefits and other benefits might be offered as well to the beer sector to develop the Canadian beer industry.In Canada, alcohol was taxe d pursuant to the come up Act previously. However, a new regime in Canada for the federal revenue of certain alcohol, including spirits and wines, was introduced in the chance upon Act, 2001, which was implemented effective July 1, 2003. Excise duties on beer (and malt liquor) continue to be imposed under the Excise Act. Generally, different excise duty treatment applies to alcohol for non-beverage use. A licence is involve authorizing certain alcohol operations under both the Excise Act, 2001, and the Excise Act. For beer, a licence is only required under the Excise Act for the commercial operation as a brewery, for example, the place where beer is manufactured. All brewery licensees are required to power and maintain security with the Canadian government. The amount of security is set at a minimum of $5,000. Generally, beer is relegate to an excise duty that is imposed and becomes payable during the production process.The legal drinking and purchasing age in Canada are bot h 19. However, In some areas such as Ontario, Saskatchewan, British capital of South Carolina, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut, pocket-sized drinking under parental supervision is permitted, with some restrictions, on ones own property in the provinces of New Brunswick andOntario and at home in the provinces of Prince Edward Island, British Columbia and Saskatchewan. InBritish Columbia, only children of the supervising parents, not any other minors such as guests, are allowed underage drinking. Consumption of alcohol in another persons home is subject to other laws. study(ip) playersThe brewing industry had become extremely concentrated in Canada by the 1970s, being dominated by just one-third major companies, which are Molson, Labatt, and Carling-OKeefe. Canadas largest brewing companies were Labatts and Molson as we mentioned in the previous overview of industry condition of both countries. In 1995, Labatts was purchased by an Be lgian company which is called Interbrew which is now part of Brazilian-Belgian Anheuser-Busch InBev, the worlds largest brewing company and Molson, the other largest beer company, which was merged with US company Coors in 2005 and created a new company called Molson Coors, and it is the worlds fifth largest brewing company now. In 2006, the largest rest Canadian brewery was purchased by the Japanese owned Sapporo Brewery, Canadas beer production has been mainly under the control of foreign multinationals.By the end of 2006, nearly 90% of beer sales was of product brewed domestically under licence from non-domestic corporations. American beers brewed under licence dominate much of the market. For instance, Budweiser is brewed under licence in Canada by Labatts and Coors Light by Molson. The market in Canada for domestic beer is dominated by Labatt, Molson and Sleeman, all foreign-owned companies. The largest Canadian-owned brewer, Moosehead breweries, only controls small portion of the Canadian market.Italy hosts a few breweries, with the largest owned by the best known Italian and foreign brands. Peronis brewery produces the best known Italian beer la Peroni. Peroni also produces the premium beer Mastro Azzurro and the brands Whrer, and lesser known Raffo. Heineken Italy brews its famous Heineken, but has also acquired the brands Moretti, Ichnusa, Birra Messina and Dreher. Carslberg owns a few brewerys in Northern and Central Italy. In Northern Italy, Forst brews its own branded beer as well as the famed Menabrea. In Friuli Venezia Giulia the latest brand of Italian beer Birra Castello, has been active since 1997. Along with these big players, there are lots of microbreweries small scale breweries that produce small quantities of beer, they also have premium quality.Major conclusion of comparison and recommendationsMaking a decision in which country to invest is not so easy, because of all those different variances in both of the counties, some of the varia nces are strength for Canada, however, some of them are favorable for Italy.In the first place, the tax rates between Canada and Italy differ. In Canada the rates are relatively lower than in Italy due to the fact that the tax level is relatively high in the European context. In addition to this, the Canadian government reduced taxes even more to benefit Canadian brewers.Secondly, when a look is taken at macroeconomic indicators like GDP per capita we see that Canada is a bit more favorable. However, since this differences are so small, both of the countries that we have chosen are developed countries, and GDP per capita which above certain level has a relatively weak influence on the consumption of beer. Therefore, this factor is not likely to have a significant influences on the desicion of investment in the countries.Thirdly, the population above legal drinking age in the markets has been calculated starting from the age at which alcohol consumption is allowed. This would mean th at we start counting the population starting from 18 years old in Italy (some area start from 16 years old) and 19 years old in Canada. We find that the relative amount of people able to purchase and consume alcohol in Italy is larger than in Canada, because the whole population is larger in Italy than in Canada, and the population of legal drinking age are also higher in Italy than in Canada, therefore, the potential market in Italy are larger than in Canada.Lastly, when comparing markets according to its players and their market shares we find that Canada has a more concentrated market with high market share large players and many small players. Italy on the other hand has two old players with a high share and one smaller player while the rest of the market consists of really small players. It would therefore be an advantage to invest in the Italian market trying to gain and increase a market share because of the fact that there are many foreign players already play very important roles in the Canadian market, Molson Coors create from raw stuff company and Anheuser-Busch InBev have a market share of 42,70 and 42,20 percent respectively. Third place is hold by Moosehead Brewing company with a share of 5,90 percent. These three main players hold 90,8 percent of the market in total by volume.Taking all those facts into consideration, i would put forward that Italy would be the country that we are going to invest in. As we explained above, we analysed both countries SWOT, for Italy, the strength is market size, the weakness is relatively higher tax rate on alcohol, and the opportunities is that there are only two big old players and some extreme small players, gaining or increasing a share is relatively easy, and the market of Italy are more potential, because Italy still on the growing phase of beer industry. Moreover, since the age allowed to drink in Italy starting from the age of 18 and in some areas are even lower to 16, and with more population in Italy, therefore the market is bigger in Italy than in Canada. In addition, nowadays the Italian government highly values the Italian beer industry due to the impact on its economy and therefore taxes are getting lower and lower. And the threats of Italy is that new public constitution may harm the beer industry, such as the advertising policy we mentioned before which bans the ads of alcohol in specific period of time on TV.Comparison of Beer Industry in Italy and CanadaComparison of Beer Industry in Italy and CanadaIntroductionBeer is one of the most used beverages in the world next to coffee and tea. The beer industry therefore as we can imagine is one of the biggest industries in the world with many competitors inside of the industry. It is not surprising that many different kinds of beer and a variety of brands can be found in both Italy and Canada, and both of the countries has a long history of development of brewery industry as well.In this article, we are going to compare both of the countries markets, industry condition, cultural differences, political background and so forth, all those information will be taken into consideration, and be processed to make the final decision on which county environment is more suitable and beneficial for us to invest into.Some theories are going to be applied to analyse the cultural dimensions of both countries, such as Hofstedes cultural dimensions, and SWOT analysis, Porters Five Forces Model.MethodologyWhat method do you use to compile your factbook and why?The methods i use to compile my factbook is that i are going to apply some frameworks from respected authors that are most applicable to my chosen industry (beer industry) such as Hofstede, SWOT analysis and Porters five forces.What prime theory and approaches do you draw on and why?Hofstedes Cultural DimensionsHofstede measures the cultural dimensions differences in different countries. There are five dimensions in this framework, namely the Power Distance Index ( PDI), the Individualism-Collectivism, Masculinity-Femininity and Uncertainty Avoidance. Since Hofstede measures cultural dimensions, therefore it will be used in the cultural system page of the paper when the cultural aspects are discussed.SWOT AnalysisSWOT is the abbreviation for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. It is an analytical framework to help summarize in a quick and concise way the risks and opportunities for a certain company, for my case the beer industry in two different countries, Canada and Italy. The SWOT analysis looks into internal factors within the company/industry/country (Strengths and Weaknesses) and external factors outside the company/industry/country (Opportunities and Threats). This method will eventually help us to look at the main positive, (strength and opportunities), and the negative, (weaknesses and threats), sides of both countries when comparing. Initially this should help us decide on which country would be most attractive to inves t in the beer industry. For this reason, this method will be used at the end of the paper, which will give us an conclusive overview of the both countries.Porters Five Forces ModelPorters five forces model argues that there are five forces in an industry to determine the extent and scale of the competition. These five forces affect the industries attractiveness. It is an efficient tool to analyse competition in the industry. In this model, five forces are the threat of substitute products or services, the threat of the entry of new competitors, the intensity of competitive rivalry, the bargaining power of customers, and the bargaining power of suppliers. The industrys attractiveness is the primary and fundamental factor to deciding the profitability, and in any industry, the rule of competition will be reflected in any of the five competitive forces. The purpose of Porters five forces is to show the attractiveness of the beer industry in both Canada and Italy and to help investors d ecide in which country to enter in the beer industry, besides it could help companies to develop a particular strategy in the industry, and this theory might be used in chapter which deals with market / industry conditions.What method of data collection and analysis do you use and why?The methods i use to collect my data are searching my universitys library modules for useful academic articles and using a mix of articles from authors known through literature and the Theory Tutorials for my Comparative Country Studies course. Of course, the reliable information on Internet is also consulted as additional sources, and i have also analyzed the annual report of the company.The beer industry of Italy and CanadaIn this section, relevant market conditions that apply to the Italian and Canadian beer sector will be explained. The market can be separated according to different factors like size and attractiveness as well. If we divide the market according the different market shares which ind ividual brewery holds, we can see that there are several main player in the beer industry in both of the countries.ItalyItaly is famous for its wines, however, it is not well-known for its own beer. Generally speaking, Italy doesnt consume nearly as much beer as its European neighbour, however, there is a growing trend of consumption for beer in Italy, the beer in Italy is not as widespread as in its European neighbours, mainly because there is a historical preference for wine in the country.Italian breweries have undergone a Renaissance in recent years. In fact, only in the past few years, Italy has started having beer drinking and tasting competitions and many related festivals. Normally, this sort of activity is reserved for wine, however, nowadays beer is earning more and more respect from wine-preferred Italians, and even many young Italians prefer to support their countrys beer industry rather than the wine industry now, still, the Italian beer industry has much space to grow and be developed.There are some brands of beer in Italy, one of the oldest and most recognized breweries is Birra Peroni, which was established in 1846 and the headquarter of Peroni is in Rome. Peronis most famous product is a pilsner-style beer. Nastro Azzuro, which is also one of the few Italian beers that marketed all over the world, Nastro Azzuro, is a rather light style beer, many breweries are crafting darker, heavier beers that are rousing interest from new and experienced beer drinkers alike. In addition to those giant breweries, there are many microbreweries in Italy, and they play a important role and have a great portion of the market as well. A microbrewery particularly gains attention from young Italians is Birrificio Baladin, the brewery appeals to young generation through quirky advertisements and sponsoring international music festivals and young Italians think theres room in the global beer market for some of their most outstanding brews.CanadaTraditionally, Canadas largest brewing companies were Labatts and Molson. In 1995, Labatts was purchased by an Belgian company which is called Interbrew and it is now a part of Brazilian-Belgian Anheuser-Busch InBev, the worlds largest brewing company and Molson, the other largest beer company, which was merged with US company Coors in 2005 and created a new company called Molson Coors, which is the worlds fifth largest brewing company now.In 2006, with the purchase of Sleeman Breweries, the largest remaining Canadian brewery was purchased by the Japanese owned Sapporo Brewery, Canadas beer production has been mainly under the control of foreign multinationals. By the end of 2006, nearly 90% of beer sales was of product brewed domestically under licence from non-domestic corporations. American beers brewed under licence dominate much of the market. For instance, Budweiser is brewed under licence in Canada by Labatts and Coors Light by Molson.The market in Canada for domestic beer is dominated by Labatt, Molson and Sleeman, all foreign-owned companies. The largest Canadian-owned brewer, Moosehead breweries, only controls about 5.5% of the Canadian market.Country comparisonMacro-economic indicatorsEconomyCanada population 33,487,208 (July 2009 est.).Italy population 58,126,212 (July 2009 est.).Economic freedom Canada world rank 6.Economic freedom Italy world rank 87.FinanceFinancial freedom for Canada 80.0.Financial freedom in Italy 60.0Canada investment freedom 75.0.Italy investment freedom 75.0.CanadaEconomy-GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)$ 1.335 trillion (2010 est.). Country comparison to the world 15.$1.297 trillion (2009 est.)$1.33 trillion (2008 est.)-GDP Per capita (PPP)$39,600 (2010 est.)country comparison to the world 22$38,700 (2009 est.)$40,000 (2008 est.)-Inflation rate (consumer prices)1.6% (2010 est.)country comparison to the world 410.3% (2009 est.)ItalyEconomy-GDP (PPP)$1.782 trillion (2010 est.)country comparison to the world 11$1.763 trillion (2009 est.)$1.857 trillio n (2008 est.)-GDP per capita (PPP)$30,700 (2010 est.)country comparison to the world 43$30,300 (2009 est.)$31,900 (2008 est.)-Inflation rate (consumer prices)1.4% (2010 est.)country comparison to the world 320.8% (2009 est.)Historical developmentsItalyBeer is known and drank in Italy very long time ago, Italians brewed and consumed the blond drink. It said that Roman Emperor Agricola was a fan of beer when he was the governor of Britannia, and in 83 AD Roman Emperor Agricola raised to the imperial throne and came back to Italy, he took three master brewers with him from Glevum of which the ancient name Gloucester and opened the first real pub in Italy.Nowadays beer is especially loved by young people in Italy, which has been seen as an informal drink, compared to the wine which is alway used in much more formal places. Aperitif and wine tasting have now gained back to wine many casual drinkers, however, until a few years ago, young Italians actually drank more beer than wine.Pub-sty led bars are still very popular in Italy and they have spread the love for the more exotic brands of beer many of them serve Japanese, German, Australian and East European beers along with the more known ones brewed in the UK and Belgium. At least one bottle of Birra cinese (Chinese beer) is served on every table of every Chinese restaurant.CanadaBeer was first introduced to Canada by European settlers in the seventeenth century, as Canada had an ideal climate for making and storing beer before refrigeration was introduced. The first commercial brewery was built by Jean Talon in Quebec City, in the year 1668. Over a century later a number of commercial brewers thrived, including some that became the staple of the Canadian industry John Molson founded a brewery in Montreal in 1786, Alexander Keith inHalifax in 1820, Thomas Carling in London in 1840, John Kinder Labatt in 1847, also in London, Susannah Oland in Halifax in 1867, and Eugene OKeefe in Toronto in 1891. The very first pate nt to be issued by the Canadian government on July 6, 1842, was to one G. Riley for an improved method of brewing ale, beer, porter, and other maltliquors.Prohibition in Canada did not last as long as in the U.S. and was largely over by the mid 1920s (apart from Prince Edward Island, where it ran from 1901 to 1948). Nevertheless, it had a similar effect of leaving very few brewers, and it was only in the late twentieth century that there has been a revival and microbreweries have started. Brewpubs are still illegal in some provinces.Cultural systemHofstedes Cultural Dimensions of Italy and CanadaPower DistanceIndividualismMasculinityUncertainty AvoidanceItalyHigherMore collectiveMore masculineStrongCanadaLowerMore individualisticMore feminineWeakPower distanceCanada is lower on the Hofstedes power distance index than Italy, Italy falls in the middle on the index overall. Italian seems to expect differences in power between people. Canadas Power Distance (PDI) is relatively low, with an index of 39, compared to a world average of 55. This is indicative of a greater equality between societal levels, including government, organizations, and even within families. This orientation reinforces a cooperative interaction across power levels and creates a more stable cultural environment.IndividualismThe more collective nature of Italy compared to Canada can be seen in many ways. It is not uncommon for grown children to live with their parents for years. Italian businesses are primarily owned by individuals and families. Business is preferably done with people with which one is familiar. Unacquainted guests will not be invited into an Italian home. Coffee or dinner will be taken with non-family members at a cafe or restaurant. Canada has Individualism (IDV) as the highest ranking (80) Hofstede Dimension, and is indicative of a society with a more individualistic attitude and relatively loose bonds with others. The populace is more self-reliant and looks out for themselv es and their close family members.MasculinityItaly is a fairly masculine society and ranks slightly higher on this index than Canada. Many Italian men still treat women with gallantry and value machismo. Although women have entered the workforce, their numbers are still small and few are in upper echelon positions. Italian household are the sole domain of women Italian women for the most part cook, clean and care for the children. Italians place a prime importance on material possessions. It is very important to look good in Italy.However, like a more feminine culture, Italians also know how to take time to appreciate the good things in life. Italians work in order to live rather than living to work. Ambition is not prevalent in Italian culture. Therefore i assume that beer as a informal beverage, it is more popular under this kind of cultural background rather than more formal cultural background countries.Uncertainty AvoidanceItaly avoids uncertainly more strongly than Canada. By and large Italians prefer to do business with people they know. In addition, Italians prefer to know something about an individual before they speak with him/her on the phone. Thus, in business one should send an introductory fax and follow-up with a phone call.Political/Government SystemBeer or malt liquor, is defined as all fermented liquor brewed in whole or in part from malt for the purposes of the Excise Act, grain or any saccharine matter without any process of distillation, but does not include wine.Italian Alcohol Taxes and Duties Legislative FrameworkAlcoholDutyBeer (5% ABV or 12 Plato)0.12 per pintWine (bottle 11.5% ABV)0.00 per 75 clAs we can see in the table of different rates of duty applies to beer in Italy, which contains following level of duty. Italy is a member of the European Union, therefore it shares the Common External Tariff regime. EU duties are charged by the Italian Customs Agency on the CIF (cost, insurance and freight) value of the product imported into I taly.The Alcohol Act (2001) bans TV and radio advertising of alcoholic products between 4PM and 9PM and prohibits alcohol advertisements from being shown on TV within 15 minutes before or after any childrens programs. The Act also requires a self-regulatory code to be provided jointly by media companies, advertising agencies and advertisers to govern alcohol advertising.For the legal drinking age, there is no minimum age of legal drinking. And the legal purchasing age of alcohol is 16 and 18. South Tyrol prohibits both serving and purchase for people under the age of 18 and to everybody in a state of inebriation. Milan has enforced a ban on those under 16 purchasing alcohol. Heavy fines are given to proprieters and parents if a transaction is completed.Canadian Alcohol Taxes and Duties Legislative FrameworkBeerDutyUp to 1.2% alcohol$2.591/hectolitre1.2% to 2.5% alcohol$13.990/hectolitreOver 2.5% alcohol$27.985/hectolitreAs we can see in the table of different rates of duty applies t o beer, which contains following level of duty (1) more than 2.5% absolute ethyl alcohol by volume (2) more than 1.2% but not more than 2.5% absolute ethyl alcohol by volume and (3) less than 1.2% absolute ethyl alcohol by volume, and for all beer containing more than 2.5% absolute ethyl alcohol by volume, the rate of excise duty is currently $27.985 per hectolitre. However, excise duties are not imposed on beer provided it is brewed by a person for personal or family use or to be given away without charge and is not for sale commercially.Canadian government showed how highly they value beer production and its breweries by lowering the taxes exercised on beer production. This is a benefit to the industry. As one of the leaders of the whole economy of Canada, the beer sector is likely to maintain these tax benefits and other benefits might be offered as well to the beer sector to develop the Canadian beer industry.In Canada, alcohol was taxed pursuant to the Excise Act previously. Ho wever, a new regime in Canada for the federal taxation of certain alcohol, including spirits and wines, was introduced in the Excise Act, 2001, which was implemented effective July 1, 2003. Excise duties on beer (and malt liquor) continue to be imposed under the Excise Act. Generally, different excise duty treatment applies to alcohol for non-beverage use. A licence is required authorizing certain alcohol operations under both the Excise Act, 2001, and the Excise Act. For beer, a licence is only required under the Excise Act for the commercial operation as a brewery, for example, the place where beer is manufactured. All brewery licensees are required to post and maintain security with the Canadian government. The amount of security is set at a minimum of $5,000. Generally, beer is subject to an excise duty that is imposed and becomes payable during the production process.The legal drinking and purchasing age in Canada are both 19. However, In some areas such as Ontario, Saskatchewa n, British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut, underage drinking under parental supervision is permitted, with some restrictions, on ones own property in the provinces of New Brunswick andOntario and at home in the provinces of Prince Edward Island, British Columbia and Saskatchewan. InBritish Columbia, only children of the supervising parents, not any other minors such as guests, are allowed underage drinking. Consumption of alcohol in another persons home is subject to other laws.Major playersThe brewing industry had become extremely concentrated in Canada by the 1970s, being dominated by just three major companies, which are Molson, Labatt, and Carling-OKeefe. Canadas largest brewing companies were Labatts and Molson as we mentioned in the previous overview of industry condition of both countries. In 1995, Labatts was purchased by an Belgian company which is called Interbrew which is now part of Brazilian-Belgian Anheuser-B usch InBev, the worlds largest brewing company and Molson, the other largest beer company, which was merged with US company Coors in 2005 and created a new company called Molson Coors, and it is the worlds fifth largest brewing company now. In 2006, the largest remaining Canadian brewery was purchased by the Japanese owned Sapporo Brewery, Canadas beer production has been mainly under the control of foreign multinationals.By the end of 2006, nearly 90% of beer sales was of product brewed domestically under licence from non-domestic corporations. American beers brewed under licence dominate much of the market. For instance, Budweiser is brewed under licence in Canada by Labatts and Coors Light by Molson. The market in Canada for domestic beer is dominated by Labatt, Molson and Sleeman, all foreign-owned companies. The largest Canadian-owned brewer, Moosehead breweries, only controls small portion of the Canadian market.Italy hosts a few breweries, with the largest owned by the best k nown Italian and foreign brands. Peronis brewery produces the best known Italian beer la Peroni. Peroni also produces the premium beer Mastro Azzurro and the brands Whrer, and lesser known Raffo. Heineken Italy brews its famous Heineken, but has also acquired the brands Moretti, Ichnusa, Birra Messina and Dreher. Carslberg owns a few brewerys in Northern and Central Italy. In Northern Italy, Forst brews its own branded beer as well as the famed Menabrea. In Friuli Venezia Giulia the latest brand of Italian beer Birra Castello, has been active since 1997. Along with these big players, there are lots of microbreweries small scale breweries that produce small quantities of beer, they also have premium quality.Major finding of comparison and recommendationsMaking a decision in which country to invest is not so easy, because of all those different variances in both of the counties, some of the variances are strength for Canada, however, some of them are favorable for Italy.In the first place, the tax rates between Canada and Italy differ. In Canada the rates are relatively lower than in Italy due to the fact that the tax level is relatively high in the European context. In addition to this, the Canadian government reduced taxes even more to benefit Canadian brewers.Secondly, when a look is taken at macroeconomic indicators like GDP per capita we see that Canada is a bit more favorable. However, since this differences are so small, both of the countries that we have chosen are developed countries, and GDP per capita which above certain level has a relatively weak influence on the consumption of beer. Therefore, this factor is not likely to have a significant influences on the desicion of investment in the countries.Thirdly, the population above legal drinking age in the markets has been calculated starting from the age at which alcohol consumption is allowed. This would mean that we start counting the population starting from 18 years old in Italy (some area start from 16 years old) and 19 years old in Canada. We find that the relative amount of people able to purchase and consume alcohol in Italy is larger than in Canada, because the whole population is larger in Italy than in Canada, and the population of legal drinking age are also higher in Italy than in Canada, therefore, the potential market in Italy are larger than in Canada.Lastly, when comparing markets according to its players and their market shares we find that Canada has a more concentrated market with high market share large players and many small players. Italy on the other hand has two old players with a high share and one smaller player while the rest of the market consists of really small players. It would therefore be an advantage to invest in the Italian market trying to gain and increase a market share because of the fact that there are many foreign players already play very important roles in the Canadian market, Molson Coors Brewing company and Anheuser-Busch InBev have a market share of 42,70 and 42,20 percent respectively. Third place is hold by Moosehead Brewing company with a share of 5,90 percent. These three main players hold 90,8 percent of the market in total by volume.Taking all those facts into consideration, i would say that Italy would be the country that we are going to invest in. As we explained above, we analysed both countries SWOT, for Italy, the strength is market size, the weakness is relatively higher tax rate on alcohol, and the opportunities is that there are only two big old players and some extreme small players, gaining or increasing a share is relatively easy, and the market of Italy are more potential, because Italy still on the growing phase of beer industry. Moreover, since the age allowed to drink in Italy starting from the age of 18 and in some areas are even lower to 16, and with more population in Italy, therefore the market is bigger in Italy than in Canada. In addition, nowadays the Italian government highly valu es the Italian beer industry due to the impact on its economy and therefore taxes are getting lower and lower. And the threats of Italy is that new public policy may harm the beer industry, such as the advertising policy we mentioned before which bans the ads of alcohol in specific period of time on TV.

Motion Coherence and Luminance Effects

Motion Coherence and Luminance EffectsJamie NourzadMotion Coherence and Luminance Effects on Visual Evoked PotentialsThe electroencephalogram (EEG) as described by David Eagleman and Jonathan Downar (2016), is a device designed to measure and record brain wave patterns, and was originally designed for evaluating brain activity of epileptic and brain damaged patients (p. 312). The current study is a replication of Kubova, Kuba, Spekreijse, and Blakemores 1995 study utilizing the EEG to measure the effects of gumminess and visible radiation on motion-onset ocular evoked potentials (VEPs). The two independent variables looked at in this study were motion coherence (100% coherent and 1% coherent), and luminance (dim vs bright). The hypotheses were (a.) coherence should appropriate the amplitude of the N2 peak specifically, that low coherence should contribute in a higher peak amplitude, and (b.) luminance (brightness) should affect the latency specifically, that low luminance should obstruct the peak.MethodsParticipantsThe study participants were Kennesaw State University (KSU) student volunteers from three sections of PSYC 4410. Participants were offered course extra credit of 25 points to take part in the study. Student participants served as both subjects and investigate assistants. There was no selection criterion for the subjects. The participants serving as look for assistants administered the electroencephalogram (EEG) on the subjects (n = 16) in Dr. Tim Martins lab at KSU, under direct superintendence of Dr. Martin.Recording and ProcedureVEPs were recorded with a 40-channel NuAmps amplifier with the riddle set at 0.03 200 Hz, the sampling rate set at 500 Hz, and with linked earlobe reference. Participant subjects and research assistants met for scheduled sessions in Dr. Martins lab. Research assistants applied the EEG cap, gel, and electrodes to the subjects. Subjects were given instructions to look at computer generated stimuli 400 trials (100 per condition) of 500 wretched dots (each 0.02 of visual angle in size). Stimuli were presented in viewing aperture 5 across. Duration was 500 ms, inter-trial interval 500-2000 ms randomly varied, using uniform distribution. The subjects were asked to perform subtle mechanical manipulations on the computer keyboard in response to the visual stimuli. The EEG data was processed by using a low pass filter at 45 Hz. The bad epochs were removed from the data, and all blink artifacts were removed with independent components analysis.ResultsResults successfully replicated earlier findings (Bach, M., Ullrich, D., 1997 Kubova et al., 1995) showing a clear effect of coherence for dim stimuli on amplitude, but there was no apparent effect of coherence for the bright stimuli. See Figure 1.DiscussionAnalysis of VEPs serves as a tool in detecting various abnormalities that may involve the visual pathways, such as epilepsy and other brain dysfunctions. Implications of the results of this study support previous research providing evidence that there are various neural mechanisms involved in motion-related VEPs that expand beyond the primary visual cortex (Bach, M., Ullrich, D., 1997 Braddick, O.J., OBrien, J.M.D., Wattam-Bell, J., Atkinson, J., Hartley, T., Turner, R., 2001 Kubova et al., 1995). The hypotheses that low coherence would result in a higher N2 peak amplitude was confirmed. Potential confounders to the study would be research assistant inexperience, as well as the inability to affirm for both internal and external noise, which could degrade the recordings (Jackson, A.F., Bolger, D.J., 2014).ReferencesBach, M., Ullrich, D. (1997). Contrast dependency of motion-onset and pattern-reversal VEPs Interaction of stimulus type, recording site, and response component. dream Research, 37, 1845-1849.Braddick, O.J., OBrien, J.M.D., Wattam-Bell, J., Atkinson, J., Hartley, T., Turner, R. (2001). Brain areas sensitive to coherent visual motion. Perception, 30, 61-72.Ea gleman, D., Downar, J. (2015). Brain and Behavior A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective. Oxford University Press.Jackson, A.F., Bolger, D.J. (2014). The neurophysiological bases of EEG and EEG measurement A review for the rest of us. Psychophysiology, 51, 1061-1071.Kubova, Z., Kuba, M., Spekreijse, H., Blakemore, C. (1995). Contrast dependence of motion-onset and patter-reversal evoked potentials. Vision Research, 35, 197-205.Figure 1. Coherence for dim and bright stimulus on amplitude.

To Kill A Mocking Bird :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

The theme of Harper Lees To Kill a Mocking Bird is the existence of racism and parti pris in the 1930 &8211 40s. Harper Lee succeeds in presenting the topic in a manner that is not overly simplistic and thus achieves the task of allowing the reader to to the full appreciate the complex nature of unjust discrimination. Harper Lees inclusion of characters such as Tom Robinson, Boo Radley, Dolphus Raymond and many others, aid the reader to grasp the fantasy of racism and its central role in the town of Maycomb.To Kill a Mocking Bird is narrated retrospectively from the view of Scout, the daughter of Atticus Finch a lawyer of Maycomb, and younger sister of Jem. The informal vocabulary of the narration is still good enough to suggest it is spoken from the view of an adult Scout, (looking back at her childhood) only is casual enough to be understood by most readers.Maycombs racist attitude in To Kill a Mocking Bird is fueled by the events which occurred short after World War I. Afte r a devastating stock market crash, many employers lost a substantial amount of bills and therefore could hardly afford to hire staff. Many resorted to buying slaves it was cheap and required little responsibility on their part. This event led to the employment of Negroes. The industrial revolution did not occur in South America since it was only logical to simply buy slaves rather than expensive machinery. The civil war soon followed, and declared that Negroes were no longer considered slaves and if they were unhappy with work conditions they could leave. Few did, since jobs were already dangerously scarce and by about 1930 racism toward blacks was obvious. Negroes were accused of stealing the jobs of sinlessness people and this led to a system of separate public transport, schools and even drinking fountains.To Kill a Mocking Bird expresses the racist attitudes of Maycomb most dominantly in the court case involving Tom Robinson (whos lawyer is Atticus Finch) and Mayella Eule. Th e trial makes blatantly obvious to the reader that Tom Robinson, the black man accused of rape is inculpable and yet the jury finds him guilty. It also establishes that Mayella was actually beaten by her father and although the evidence that points to this occurrence is circumstantial, it is made perfectly clear. The court case also clarifies to the reader the frightful nature and obvious abundance of racism within the small town of Maycomb.

The teaching profession :: essays research papers

Being a Teacher          Although teaching, from the outside looking in, appears simpler than it actually is, there are many challenges a instructor faces throughout his or her career. Despite these difficulties, there are also many rewards. As I consider this field for my future career, I will display some of the most important aspects, such as the beginnings of teaching, how the profession has evolvedand where teaching is headed in the future. Also it is important to note the availability of jobs and education you must capture before becoming a certified teacher.     Since the beginning of time, teachers have covered the earth. In the earlier course of instructions, informal teachers, parents, who taught their children about the world. The early mothers and fathers also taught their children how to survive, a inwardness of getting food, and which pathways to avoid. Of course, informal teachers to this day, arent paid anything but are only awarded the satisfaction of raising a human being.      Next in the order of educational institutions came the unitary room school house. Teachers of 1872 were required to complete certain tasks before the days session. The teacher, after arriving in the morning, was required to fill lamps and clean the chimney, in addition to building a fire. Their duties werent terribly taxing. However the limitation that were put on their social life seem a bit unusual, compared to todays standards. For instance, a male teacher could devote adept night a week to courting a lady, two if he attended church regularly. Wemen who got married or "engaged in unseemly draw" were dismissed. After the teacher spent ten hours on studies, they were required to read the Bible or other good books. Teachers were required to set aside life-sized amounts of their pay so that after they retired, the wouldnt become a "burden on society." Teachers were n ever allowed to drink, smoke, go to pools, public halls, or revceive a shave in groom shop. If the teachers abided by all these outrageous rules, they were eligible for a .25 cents, a week raise, with the approval of the Board of Education.(www.columiagorge.com)      One such case was that of Marilyn Callen, born in Nebraska, who ceaselessly knew she wanted to be an educator. After two years of college, she began teaching at the local two room school house in the country. Her first year was 1937. Marilyn was only 25 when she began. She taught grades

Essay --

Little Dancer, Aged 14In 1881, Edgar degas caused a scandal by unveiling Little Dancer Aged Fourteen (Petite danseuse de quatorze ans), his wax sculpture of a young ballet rat. Today, Degas creation is considered a masterwork of Impressionist sculpture, a piece worthy of detailed study in an international exhibition. It wasnt just the subject matter of Little Dancer that repulsed critics in 1881 at an exhibition in which impressionist presented their work. The little dancer, Marie van Goethem, was a common girl standing in a very normal position it shows her hands behind her back instead of dancing. That ordinariness irritated those who believed that sculpture had to be monumental in subject and design. Degas also had the foolhardiness to use real materials, a muslin tutu, linen bodice, satin ballet shoes, a real hair wigging and a colored satin ribbon rather than the customary media of bronze, stone and wood. (Wolgamott)Edgar Degass birth name was Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas. He was born in July of 1834 in Paris, France. Compared to well-nigh families at this time, he grew up moderately wealthy. Degas began to paint when he was very young. By the time he graduated from school in 1853, when he was 18, with a baccalaureate in literature, he created an art studio in his home to create his works of art.After he completed high school, he applied to work in the Louvre Museum however his father pressured him into to law school not believing in art as a career. Degas enrolled at the Faculty of Law of the University of Paris in November 1853, but put forth very little effort to his studies if any at all. In the premature months of 1855, Degas was granted access to the cole des Beaux-Arts, a French art school, his mentor whom he stu... ...ind it concerning that his subject would be of this age even for this menstruation of time. My focus, unlike the professionals who critiqued this sculpture, is not based on the childs aesthetics, it is on her age and why she i s posing nude for an artist. One cant dish but think further on that subject, and how that Degas and other powerful male figures abused their power. The use of the cloth corset, satin objects and real hair wig is fascinate to me. In this era of art although the artwork that was created was of real things, you would not see the use of various materials on a clay sculpture. In fact, the idea was inaudible of. Degas was one of the leading creators of the impressionism period along with Monet, without them the art world would not be the same and we would not view art and the various cross strokes and darkness of colors in the same light.

Facts on Hamlet :: essays papers

Facts on HamletTitle Hamlet Published It was written in the late 1500s. It has been on national stages since 1589, and the earliest known publications date nates to the years 1600 and 1601. Biographical Information Biographical Information All though much is not known about Shakespe are the man, there is numerous speculations about Shakespeare the playwright. He was the son of John Shakespeare and Mary Arden. At the age of eighteen he married Anne Hathaway and had three children, Susanna, Hamlet, and Judith. William Shakespeare wrote thirty-seven plays and over one hundred and fifty poems which are renowned for their wisdom, knowledge of human nature, and geniusGenre Classical Drama Characteristics of a Genre This is a dramatic tragedy, highlighting the fall of a big(p) leader/character. Setting The date in which the play took place is unknown, however it is believed to have been during the later parts of the 1500s during Shakespeares conduct span. Although the exact date is unknown and to this day remains a mystery, the setting is revealed. The play underwent in Denmark and its neighboring states.Characters poof Hamlet - The original king of Denmark who is Hamlets father, and the husband of Gertrude. He is betrayed and murdered by his prehensile brother, and later appears throughout the play to guide his son Hamlet in the quest for revenge and answers. He was Hamlets father, and that was his relation to Hamlet. Hamlet - Son of Queen Gertrude, and King Hamlet, and later King Claudius (Who is his uncle). He is the main character who undergoes the most drastic changes of them all, psychologically. In the beginning he questioned all, but by the end after his expedition had been cleared up he acted upon instinct and want, ultimately succeeding. Claudius - Jealous brother of King Hamlet, who acts upon his jealousy and dumps poison in the King (his brothers) ear and takes his life so that he may become king. He i s now the father of Hamlet and the husband of Queen Gertrude. His jealousy and all around evil causes him to meet his life in the finality. He was Hamlets uncle and new father, who was responsible for his real fathers death.

Developing a New Ready to Eat Dessert :: Business and Management Studies

Developing a New Ready to Eat DessertI was asked to design and plant a ready to eat dessert. My target groupwas all ages of people, specifically people aged between twenty andsixty as they disco biscuitd to have more money to spend than teenagers orpensioners.In order to gain an insight into the type of products that could beavailable to me to design and take a shit I first had to do some research.First I created a questionnaire, and handed it out to fifty people of incompatible ages. My questionnaire asked a variety of unlikequestions such as do you like chocolate based desserts? Do you likesponge? Do you prefer hot desserts to cold? The results of thisquestions formed the stem of my project. I wrote letters to managers of supermarkets asking them to send meinformation on existing products, this helped me understand the typeof cost that was suitable for my product to be sold at.From a range of magazines I made a collage of different desserts andannotated it, I used this as a kin d of brainstorm of ideas, such asthe different layers and colours that could be used.The internet was a big help to my research as I used the supermarketswebsites to find out prices of products and ingredients.In order to rivet the range of desserts I was considering I mademyself a speciation table, this stated the criteria my product shouldmeet. I decided that I would prefer my product to be chilled ratherthan frozen, which sour out some of my previous ideas such asice-cream dishes.My specification stated that my product should beColdChilledAvailable in individual portionsCheap to releaseOf a standard qualityHave a toppingHave a creamy fillingHave a crunchy baseHave a variety of texturesMust be sold at a maximum cost of 2Must have layersNext I had to design ten different products, I illustrated them andannotated them. Referring to the recipe of the dessert. To make mydecision on the final product I tested a few of the suggested ideas. Idecide to make a cheesecake.I had to make s ure my cheesecake fit my product specification. To mydelight my finished design actually does meet the majority of mycriteria. So overall my cheesecake has been a success.The only area that did not go as planned was the portion size. Mycheesecake ended up as a family size portion. This was due to thecomplication of the packaging, and sizing. I found it very hard to getthe individual portions exactly the same size each time, it was easier